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Introductory StatisticsIndex

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Symbols α 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion A absolute value of a residual 12.3 The Regression Equation alternative hypothesis 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses Area to the left 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution Area to the right 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution assumption 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion average 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms B balanced design 13.3 Facts About the F Distribution bar graph 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling Bernoulli Trial 4.3 Binomial Distribution binomial distribution 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem, 8.3 A Population Proportion, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing binomial probability distribution 4.3 Binomial Distribution bivariate Introduction Blinding 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics Box plots 2.4 Box Plots box-and-whisker plots 2.4 Box Plots box-whisker plots 2.4 Box Plots C categorical data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling Categorical variables 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms central limit theorem Introduction, 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples central limit theorem for means 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages) central limit theorem for sums 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums chi-square distribution 11.1 Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution coefficient of determination 12.3 The Regression Equation Cohen's *d* 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations complement 3.1 Terminology conditional probability 3.1 Terminology, 5.2 The Uniform Distribution confidence interval Introduction, 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution confidence intervals 8.3 A Population Proportion, Introduction confidence level 8.1 A Single Population Mean using the Normal Distribution, 8.3 A Population Proportion contingency table 3.4 Contingency Tables, 11.3 Test of Independence continuity correction factor 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem continuous 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling continuous random variable 5.3 The Exponential Distribution control group 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics critical value 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution cumulative distribution function (CDF) 5.3 The Exponential Distribution Cumulative relative frequency 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement D data 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms degrees of freedom 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution degrees of freedom (*df*) 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations descriptive statistics 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms discrete 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling double-blind experiment 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics E Empirical Rule 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution, Introduction equal standard deviations 13.1 One-Way ANOVA Equally likely 3.1 Terminology, 5.2 The Uniform Distribution error bound 8.3 A Population Proportion error bound for a population mean 8.1 A Single Population Mean using the Normal Distribution, 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution event 3.1 Terminology expected value 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation, 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation expected values 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test experiment 3.1 Terminology experimental unit 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics explanatory variable 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics exponential distribution 5.3 The Exponential Distribution, 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem extrapolation 12.5 Prediction F *F* distribution 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio *F* ratio 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio fair 3.1 Terminology first quartile 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data frequency 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement, 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs G geometric distribution 4.4 Geometric Distribution goodness-of-fit test 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test H histogram 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs hypergeometric experiment 4 Chapter Review hypergeometric probability 4.5 Hypergeometric Distribution hypotheses 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses hypothesis test 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples, 9 Chapter Review hypothesis testing Introduction I independent 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability Independent groups Introduction inferential statistics 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, Introduction influential points 12.6 Outliers informed consent 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics Institutional Review Boards (IRB) 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics interpolation 12.5 Prediction interquartile range 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data interval scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement L law of large numbers 3.1 Terminology, 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem Least-Squares Line 12.3 The Regression Equation least-squares regression line 12.3 The Regression Equation level of measurement 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement Line of Best Fit 12.3 The Regression Equation linear regression 12.2 Scatter Plots long-term relative frequency 3.1 Terminology lurking variables 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics M margin of error Introduction matched pairs Introduction mean 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data, 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation, Introduction, 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem mean square 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio median 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data, 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data mode 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data multivariate Introduction mutually exclusive 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability N nominal scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement normal approximation to the binomial 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem normal distribution 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution, 8.3 A Population Proportion, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations normally distributed 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing null hypothesis 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion Numerical variables 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms O observed values 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test ordinal scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement outcome 3.1 Terminology outlier 2.1 Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs, 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data outliers 12.6 Outliers P *p*-value 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples paired data set 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs parameter 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, Introduction Pareto chart 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling Pearson 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms percentile 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums percentiles 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data pie chart 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling placebo 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics point estimate Introduction Poisson probability distribution 4.6 Poisson Distribution, 4 Chapter Review population 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling population variance 11.6 Test of a Single Variance potential outlier 12.6 Outliers Probability 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 3.1 Terminology probability density function Introduction probability distribution function 4.1 Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable proportion 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms Q Qualitative data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling quantitative continuous data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling Quantitative data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling quantitative discrete data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling quartiles 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data, 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data R random assignment 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics random variable Introduction, 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations, 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations ratio scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement relative frequency 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement, 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs replacement 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events representative sample 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms residual 12.3 The Regression Equation response variable 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics S sample 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms sample mean 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages) sample size 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums sample space 3.1 Terminology, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability, 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams samples 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling sampling 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms sampling distribution 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data sampling variability of a statistic 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data simple random sample 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing single population mean 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing single population proportion 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing standard deviation 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data, 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples standard error 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations standard error of the mean. 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages) standard normal distribution 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution statistic 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms statistics 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms Student's t-distribution 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) 12.3 The Regression Equation sum of squares 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio T test for homogeneity 11.4 Test for Homogeneity test of a single variance 11.6 Test of a Single Variance test of independence 11.3 Test of Independence test statistic 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations The standard deviation 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations third quartile 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data treatments 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics tree diagram 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams Type I error 9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion Type II error 9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors U unfair 3.1 Terminology uniform distribution 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem V variable 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms variance 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data Variance between samples 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio Variance within samples 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio variances 13.1 One-Way ANOVA Variation 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling Venn diagram 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams Z *z*-score 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution *z*-scores 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution

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