习题答案 Keys to the Exercises

Keys to the Exercises

Chapter 1

1.1 Types of academic writing

a) — 2) b) — 3) c) — 1)

Explanation:

Excerpt 1 mentions the writer Judith Bennett and her book Ale ，

Beer， and Brewsters in England：Women’s Work in a Changing World，

1300-1600. In English a book title is italicized （斜体的） when typed. So

it gives you a clue to identify the italicized phrases in this excerpt as a book

title， and it is easy to know this excerpt is a book review.

Excerpt 2 mentions “methods” in the first sentence, from which you can

predict that it should be related to research or experiments. At the beginning

of Sentence 3, it says “In this experiment” and it continues to describe the

process of conducting the experiment. So you can be sure this excerpt is a

lab report.

Excerpt 3 centers on the topic of “cultural shock” to explain its

definition, symptoms or causes, and offer possible solutions to overcome

cultural shock. This is the typical form of an essay, i.e. an analytic and

argumentative piece of writing on a particular topic / subject.

1.2 Introduction to essays

4), 6)

Explanation:

1. is false, because academic essays are objective in tone. Writers

should avoid using subjective expressions.

1. is false, because academic essays are based on the result of the

writer’s research, which may involve reading relevant books or articles,

doing an experiment or survey, observing an object or behavior, etc.An essay

should not be merely based on the writer’s own knowledge and beliefs.

1.3 Process of essay writing

1. 1) This title is not specific enough because Artificial Intelligence

may influence various aspects of humans or human’s society. So it is better

to narrow down the scope of influence on a particular aspect, such as “The

Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Employment / Business / Human Mind

/People’s Daily Life”, etc.

1. This is an appropriate title for a 500-word essay, with the general

topic “spider phobia” and the specific focus “why (i.e. the causes of such

fear)”.

1. This could be an appropriate title for an essay; considering the word

limit, you might focus on 3-5 most effective ways to lose weight — do not

attempt to list as many as 10 ways to lose weight.

1. This title is too broad for an essay of 500 words — it could be a title

for a book which intends to elaborate the whole British education system.

The British education system includes primary education, secondary

education, further education and higher education, each of these four parts

demands extended explanation and illustration. So, this title could be first

narrowed down by focusing on one part of the education system, such as

“British Higher Education”. But such title is still too general: without a

focus. Better alternatives are “Controversial Changes Proposed to British

Higher Education” “A Comparison of the Exam System Between British and

Chinese Higher Education” “The Boost of International Students Studying in

British Universities”.

1. This title is not very specific and does not reveal what the writer

wants to do in the essay. It is suggested to make changes to show the

relationship between certain factors and Chinese economic development in

the past decade, such as: “The Impact of Politics / Internet on Chinese

Economic Development in the Past Decade” “Factors That Influence

Chinese Economic Development in the Past Decade”.

1. This is an appropriate title for a 500-word essay, with the general

topic “nuclear power plants in the US” and the specific focus “the security of

them”.

1. (Answers may vary.)

1. Suggested answers:

1. physical health 2) outdoor activities / sports 3) eyes 4) muscles 5)

bones 6) mental health

1. (Answers may vary.)

1. 1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) T

1. 1) There is no topic sentence in the paragraph, because the first

sentence is a counter-argument, and the second and third sentences are an

example illustrating the main idea. So, we can add a topic sentence that

states the main idea of this paragraph at the very beginning, such as “One

benefit of AI is that it could help people live a better life”.

1. With the added topic sentence, the original first sentence “It is argued

how AI could help people live a better life.” can be deleted since it is

ambiguous and does not directly express the main idea.Besides, the fourth

sentence “AI also help with our work by finishing dull work efficiently, and

more economic benefits have been created.” is not consistent with the theme

of this paragraph (other sentences focus on how AI helps people live a better

life by improving people’s health, while this sentence talks about AI’s

benefit in work), so it can also be deleted.

The revisions are shown below:

AI Is Not a Bane for Human Beings

One benefit of AI is that it could help people live a better life. It is

argued how AI could help people live a better life. There are robots that are

created to keep people healthy with medical　technologies like Baymax in

Big Hero 6. They act as family doctors, and make sure their owners’ body

situation whenever and wherever their owners are. AI also help with our

work by finishing dull work efficiently,and more economic benefits have

been created.It is not difficult to understand that people benefit_from AI like

these which could prevent them getting sick and are less likely to go to the

hospital and see a doctor. Although AI is not widespread in common people

and its advantages have not seen_obviously, AI do help people improve the

quality of life to some extent.

1. Suggested answer:

1. With the As development of the Internet, online shopping becomes

more and more popular and there are enorous enormous deals finished on

line.

1. In China, we have sharing shared bikes while most of other countries

notdo not have.

1. Such huge study pressure can easily make their psychology

tobecome very fragile, which results in excessive anxiety and lowers

learning efficiency as well.

1. Take the Australian government,for instance,. It ithas introduced

several measures.

1. Every individalindividual in the labor market, especially the college

student, is required to pay more attention on to improving our professional

skill, constantly aiming at themastering scientific knowledge.

Chapter 2

2.1 Research skills

1. Suggested answers:

1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of mobile payments vs.

cash transactions.

1. Overpopulation in many major urban centers around the world is a

major problem. What are the causes of this? How can this problem be

solved?

1. Some people think an international car-free day is an effective way to

reduce air pollution. Others think there are more effective ways to do this.

Discuss both sides and give your opinion.

1. The prevention of health problems and illness is more important than

treatment and medicine.Government funding should reflect this. Use

examples to illustrate how your country is doing in this field.

1. This text is authoritative and objective for the following reasons and

evidence.

Authority:

First, we can identify the name of the author (Rachael Rettner) of this

article and know her identity, a senior writer. Usually a senior writer works

in an editorial department or media agency.Senior writers should have

excellent writing skills and rich experience in journalism. From the website

address placed at the end of the text, we can know the article is from a news

website (livescience.com)which is an authoritative source.

Second, this text is about health and it mainly introduces a relevant

study conducted by Dr. Xiang Gao, an associate professor of nutritional

sciences at Penn State (i.e. Pennsylvania State University),and his team. That

is to say, the study was done by experts in the field, which makes the text

authoritative and reliable.

Objectivity:

First, the purpose of the text is to inform audience of research findings

(Para. 1: But a new study suggests it may be possible for cholesterol levels to

be too low).

Second, the text does not contain any personal opinion, but rather, it

reports study findings (The study researchers found that…; The findings

suggest that…). Research findings are normally regarded as a type of facts.

Third, the language of the text is academic and objective, without

emotional words or descriptions.We can find hedging (cautious) expressions,

such as suggest, may be possible. There are also quotations from the study’s

senior author.

1. 1) equal, the same as 2) and, as well as, in addition to, plus

1. uncertain, unproven, question, possibly 4) special, important, notable

1. question and answer 6) versus, against 7) before noon, in the

morning

1. United States of America 9) Limited 10) maximum

1. (Answers may vary.)

2.2 Critical thinking skills

1. Claims: 1), 3), 5)

Arguments: 2), 4)

1. 1)—a) 2)—b)

1. (Answers may vary.)

1. The author’s main claim is “Instead of money, students may be better

motivated by a little formal recognition to work hard.”

1. The evidence being used is the findings of a study.

1. The evidence is credible, because:

● It is from a website theconversation.com.

● This website is reliable and authoritative for being organized by

professional editors; offering informed commentary and debate on the latest

issues affecting our world from authoritative experts;providing a guide to the

latest developments and discoveries in the universities and research sectors.

● The author is Matthew G. Springer who is an assistant professor of

Public Policy and Education in Vanderbilt University.

● He is an expert in the field of education, which is the topic of this

article.

1. The evidence is of high quality, because:

● It is a recent study according to the author;

● The sample is relatively large and representative since the study

involves 300 fifth to eighth grade students in a large southern urban school

district;

● The research method is scientific mainly because the researchers

divided the subjects into three groups, the results of which can be easily

compared;

● The evidence is not anecdotal.

1. The evidence is relevant, because:

● In the main claim the author proposes a little formal recognition

rather than money could motivate students to work harder; then in the study,

the researchers investigate the effects of these two factors on students’

behavior, i.e. money (a reward of \$100) and a formal recognition (certificates

of recognition, signed by the school’s district superintendent). Therefore, the

findings of this study are closely and directly related to the author’s claim.

1. Valid conclusions: 2), 4), 5)Invalid conclusions: 1), 3)

Chapter 3

3.1 The basic structure

1. a. no correspondent sentence

b. (1), (2), (3)

c. (4)

Explanation:

This introduction does not have any attention grabber such as

quotations, anecdotes or statistics,to get the attention from the reader. But it

provides sufficient background information regarding with the essay topic,

including a sketch of the situation or phenomenon of children’s over-

dependence on smartphones (Sentences 1 and 2), and relevant research

findings about the negative consequences of excessive screen time (Sentence

3). All the information lays a good foundation for the thesis

statement(Sentence 4) (notice the adverbial conjunction therefore which is

used to introduce the logical result of what that has just been mentioned).

1. The correct order: (3), (2), (1)

Explanation:

Sentence 2 begins with however. Yet it does not contrast with Sentence

1. Rather, it is in contrast with Sentence 3’s assessment of Rock and Roll

being shocking. Also you can compare the words indicating the time

sequence in each sentence: now, in the decades since, and once. Things

happened,things changed, and now this is the situation. Therefore, we can

identify the correct order of these three sentence: the use of the word once in

Sentence 3 indicates that it comes first; Sentence 2 depicts the evolving

process; the use of the word now in Sentence 1 indicates that it comes last.

1. Strong thesis statements: 1), 3)

Weak thesis statements: 2), 4), 5)

The revisions of weak thesis statements may vary.

Explanation:

We can use the three features of a good thesis statement to make the

judgement, namely, a strong thesis statement should be arguable, clear and

specific. Accordingly, Sentences 1 and 3 are strong thesis statements, while

the other sentences have different problems.

Sentence 2 is a fact rather than an opinion, so it is not arguable. It can

be revised as:

According to a recent survey, more than 280,000 Chinese students went

abroad for further studies last year, which had a strong impact on the

education system in China.

Sentence 4 is in essence not arguable because it says buying an old car

has both benefits and problems. It is known that almost everything has both

advantages and disadvantages, so it is meaningless to make such statements.

A strong thesis statement should pick a side and stick with it.The sentence

can be revised as:

Buying an old car is a much wiser choice than buying a new one.

Sentence 5 is in the form of a wh-question, which fails to clearly show

the writer’s viewpoint. So it needs to be changed in a statement form

clarifying what will happen, such as:

The consequences can be appalling if certain countries continue

expanding their use of nuclear energy.

1. 1) body paragraph 2) last 3) the main idea

1. Suggested answer:

This paragraph may not be a good body paragraph because it conveys

two ideas: one is that zoos have the function to educate the animals, and the

other is the zoo can bring benefits to zoologists.Considering the rule that one

body paragraph should only focus on one main idea, this paragraph can be

revised by deleting the last two sentences and elaborate the idea that the zoo

can bring benefits to zoologists in a new paragraph. If so, the rest of

sentences make up a good body paragraph for the reasons: (1) The length is

not too long or too short (a length of 5-7 sentences is appropriate for a body

paragraph); (2) It contains two necessary components, i.e. a topic sentence

and several supporting sentences (the first sentence is the topic sentence,

while the following four sentences support and develop the controlling idea).

1. Suggested answer:

Sentence 1 should be a summary of the main idea in the essay, or say a

restatement of the thesis(the writer believes it is impossible to ban nuclear

weapons in all countries). Sentences 2 and 3 offer suggestions regarding the

problem of nuclear weapons (i.e. to develop equally strong weapons to

protect themselves and to enforce more limitations on testing and launch

authorizations).

1. 2 Connecting different parts

1. ×(2)

Explanation:

Paragraph 2 does not support the thesis “Many people are changing

their diets to be healthier”because its main idea is Eating healthier is also

beneficial to the environment since there are less pesticides poisoning the

Earth. The thesis of the essay requires the body paragraphs to illustrate

which diets have been changed to make people healthier. Paragraphs 1 and 3

respectively focus on the food containing pesticides, steroids and antibiotics

and GMO food that people are avoiding. So these two paragraphs directly

support the thesis.

1. Suggested answer:

This paragraph is coherent. First, it follows the comparison / contrast

order to organize the information. In order to argue for the main idea that the

human body is a wonderful piece of work, the following sentences make

comparisons between human body and animals’ body. Sentences 2 and 3

illustrate that human body is lack in beauty but is better at more work.

Sentences 4-7 demonstrate that human body is lack in physical strength but

is more powerful due to its intelligence. Second, there are smooth transitions

between different sentences to show the comparison / contrast relationship,

such as not… like…, however, but.

1. Suggested answers:

1. In addition / Besides 2) Therefore / Hence / As a result

1. for example / for instance; However / Nonetheless / Yet

1. all in all / overall / generally speaking; because / since / as 5) First;

Second; third / last

1. 3 The structure of different essay types

The suitable essay type: an argumentative essay

For this essay topic, you should write an argumentative essay by

choosing a side — either support that college students can keep a pet in the

dormitories or oppose it. Then clarify your position in the thesis statement

(try to make it specific, such as giving main reasons). In the body part,

elaborate on your main arguments one by one. If you can think of any

counter-argument, use evidence or reasons to refute it / them.

(The content of the outline may vary.)

Chapter 4

1. 1 Using advanced, precise and academic vocabulary

1. Suggested answers:

1. worked together → collaborated

1. big → considerable

1. stuff → material

1. did well in → succeeded in; keeping → maintaining

1. It’s → It is; cut in → interrupt

1. looked into → investigated

1. wasn’t easy → was difficult; put up with → tolerate

1. things → devices

1. 1) economical 2) similarity 3) evidence 4) constitutes

1. specific 6) interpret 7) inconsistency 8) underestimate

1. 2 Using complex and compound-complex sentences

1. 1) Those who scored higher on cellphone dependency often used

their phones to make themselves feel better.

1. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer’s plans, it

must be interpreted accurately by the contractor.

1. Usually I take a walk every day while the sun sets, but it is raining

today.

1. About half of the world’s current population lives in urban areas, and

that number is expected to increase.

1. The report stated that even when men’s working hours were reduced,

they used the extra time for leisure activities rather than for housework or

childcare.

Explanation:

1. It is a complex sentence with a relative (dependent) clause introduced

by the relative pronoun who.

This relative clause serves as an adjective which describes the subject

those.

1. It is a complex sentence with an adverb (dependent) clause

introduced by the subordinating conjunction since. This adverb clause serves

as an adverb which explains why the action in the independent clause should

take place.

1. It is a compound-complex sentence with a dependent clause

introduced by the time-related conjunction while and two independent

clauses connected by the coordinating conjunction but.

1. It is a compound sentence with the two independent sentences joined

by the coordinating conjunction and.

1. It is a complex sentence with a noun clause introduced by the

subordinating conjunction that.But the structure of this noun clause is

complicated, because it contains another dependent clause(beginning with

even when) and an independent clause (they used the extra time for leisure

activities rather than for housework of childcare).

1. 1) but 2) unless 3) Despite 4) provided that 5) because; or 6) If; but 7)

whereas 8) but; therefore

1. Suggested answer:

Understanding body language can lead to closer relationships since

nonverbal communication constitutes up to 60% of meaning in interpersonal

communication. Noticing the signals that people send out with their body

language and being able to effectively read those cues is thus a very useful

skill. With a little extra attentiveness, one can learn to accurately read body

language, and with enough practice it can become second nature.

1. 3 Minimizing the use of first and second person pronouns

Suggested answers:

1. Smoking after overworking or after exercising not only cannot

relieve fatigue, but also will destroy people’s health.

Or: Various evidence shows that smoking after overworking or after

exercising not only cannot relieve fatigue, but also will destroy people’s

health.

1. One may set the air conditioner to a very low temperature in summer.

1. It was found that the rice which is genetically engineered will contain

extra minerals and vitamins.Or: According to food experts, the rice which is

genetically engineered will contain extra minerals and vitamins.

1. As long as people pay attention to it, the problem of obesity can be

solved and people can live more happily.

1. This article will discuss what injuries the basketball game may bring

to players and how they can avoid them.

1. 4 Avoiding the use of rhetorical questions

Suggested answers:

1. It remains to be a question surrounding the continued use of

industrial sites, given their vast pollution production.

1. Instead of being a negative matter, daydreaming has more benefits

than people thought.

1. Most people should have experienced being so stressed at work that

they do not feel like doing anything when coming home.

1. The leading causes of the wide gap between two top-ranking

basketball associations, CBA and NBA, might be the differences of players’

physical attributes, schedule of their spare time, and the number of basketball

infrastructures.

Chapter 5

1. 1 Avoiding repetition and wordiness

1.

1. Suggested answers:

1. Experienced travelers would check in online 24 hours before their

flight’s scheduled departure time.

1. The rumors intensified because some competitors paid no attention

abroad.

1. Overdue library books will incur a fine.

1. Many employees will be forced to change jobs when the two

companies merge.

1. The waterfront workers taking part in a demonstration blocked the

entrance to the dock.

1. 2 Using nouns or noun phrases

1.

1. Suggested answers:

1. Lack of exercise can lead to feelings of depression and exhaustion.

1. The analysis of the data revealed patients’ faster recovery.

1. The European invasion of Australia destroyed many sacred sites.

1. Sensible planning may lead to cost reduction.

1. Conveying the information that one has desirable characteristics is

beneficial in the society.

1. 3 Using a mix of active and passive voice

1. Suggested answers:

1. Figure 2 illustrates last year’s sales figures.

1. Now social media is more frequently used than 10 years ago.

1. DNA encodes genetic information.

1. A survey about 500 consumers’ using experience will be conducted.

1. These two companies have examined the possibility of merging for

many years.

Explanation:

Sentences 1, 3 and 5 are in passive voice. When they are transformed

into active voice, two words can be omitted, i.e. the verb “be” and the

preposition by; thus the transformed sentences become more concise.

Sentences 2 and 4 are in active voice. When they are transformed into

passive voice, the doers of the action can be avoided for they are obvious to

the reader; thus the transformed sentences

become more concise.

1. Suggested answers:

We made observations during a 1-month period. Interobserver

reliability of 95% was confirmed before the trial. We recorded all staff or

visitor touches that occurred to the infants under observation. Touches were

classified by three additional variables: individual making hand contact,the

condition of the hands, and the level of contact. Cleaned hands were defined

as use of either the alcohol-based product or handwashing with the cleaning

product immediately before the touch_observed. The levels of contact were

defined as: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

Explanation:

The overusing of the personal pronoun we is repetitive and redundant in

this paragraph. To make this paragraph clear and concise, we can use a mix

of active and passive voice. Keep the active voice in the first sentence, using

we to clearly state who the observers / researchers are. Then it will be

obvious to the reader who the actors in the remaining sentences are. So using

the passive voice that omits the doer of the action is appropriate in the

following sentences. (Since the object in the third sentence is rather long, it

is better to keep the active voice to make the sentence clear, while the other

sentences can be transformed into passive voice to maintain conciseness.)

Chapter 6

1. 1 Expressing probability

1. 1)—c 2)—e 3)—a 4)—b 5)—d

1. √1) Viewing a movie in which alcohol is portrayed appears to lead to

higher total alcohol consumption of young people while watching the movie.

√2) This effect might occur regardless of whether it concerns a real-life

interaction.

√4) It will probably result in higher taxes and an increased retirement

age for younger people.

√6) There did not seem much likelihood of the infection happening at

that moment.

1. 1) may 2) likely 3) seem 4) appears 5) might

1. 2 Showing distance from an argument

Suggested answers:

1. It has been argued that the reunification of the two Koreas would

eventually be of benefit to both.

1. It is generally agreed that / Evidence suggests that excessive stress is

harmful for our heart health.

1. It is commonly believed that a journalist should be objective to a

large extent.

1. It is assumed that the economy will continue to improve.

1. It has been claimed that / Studies demonstrate that immoderate

consumption of alcohol leads to serious health problems.

1. 3 Qualifying

1. usually 2) Most 3) A large number of 4) sometimes 5) tend to

1. 4 Combining the use of different hedging

1. 1) The reality of mothering is frequently (qualifying the frequency)

different from the romantic ideal.

1. It seems that (expressing probability) the experiment conducted

confirms suspicions held by most(qualifying the quantity) scientists.

1. Most (qualifying the quantity) economists would (expressing

probability) claim that the project has been a success.

1. It is commonly agreed that (showing distance) children are often

(qualifying the frequency)defensive about their private lives.

1. This study indicates that (showing distance) there is a growing

tendency (qualifying the frequency)for women to have children later in life.

1. Suggested answers:

1. A recent study indicates that intelligence is more likely to be

nurtured rather than being a natural phenomenon.

1. It is possible that class size is the most significant factor often

affecting student performance.

1. It is commonly agreed that the team failed because they may be

untalented, spoilt and over-paid.

1. According to research, male gorillas tend to be more aggressive than

female gorillas.

1. Most smaller shops could suffer a decline in trade when a

supermarket opens nearby.

Chapter 7

1. 1 Avoiding run-on sentences

1. 1), 3), 4), 6)

1. Suggested answers:

1. The principle of competitive sports is fairness and justice. Its purpose

is to encourage people to live a healthy life.

1. Depression is not a rare disease, as / since / because there are a large

number of patients who are struggling with this psychological disease.

1. Nuclear technology has been used in many other fields; it is helpful

rather than harmful.

1. Children spend too much time on social networks. Therefore / As a

result, they could not have enough time to build up their relationship in

reality.

1. Research shows that communicating with others promotes health,

whereas social isolation is linked to stress, disease, and early death.

1. 2 Avoiding agreement errors

1. 1) has 2) is 3) are 4) likes 5) are 6) is 7) run 8) is 9) is 10) needs

1. 1) The writing in those paragraphs is not formal and objective.

1. Procter & Gamble is the leader in the mass market cosmetics

industry.

1. The target audience for this advertisement is mainly teenagers.

1. √

1. Mice belong to the species that reproduces in huge numbers.

1. √

1. 1) his or her 2) their; their 3) its 4) their 5) his or her 6) its

1. 3 Avoiding errors in the use of articles

1. 1) Countable nouns: battery, dollar, feature, human, journey,

photograph

1. Uncountable nouns: advice, electricity, evidence, furniture, garbage,

health, research, scenery

1. 1) His mother is an honest woman.

1. Creativity is a valuable quality in children.

1. Mr. Johnson has to go to Hong Kong on urgent business.

1. City traffic went into chaos because of the continuous rainfall.

1. The scientist looking at the data and facts argues that the planet is

getting warmer.

1. Professionals have been striving for decades to strike a balance

between career and family life.

1. 4 Avoiding dangling modifiers

Suggested answers:

1. When admissions officers are looking for something more to get a

sense of a student, social media can provide additional clues.

1. After reading the original study, we still find the article

unconvincing.

1. Since the car had been fixed the night before, Jim could use it.

1. While visiting the reptile house, her friends were frightened by the

crocodile.

1. The experiment was a failure, because they have not studied the lab

manual carefully.

1. After I washed the dishes and vacuumed the floors, my house looked

decent again.

1. 5 Avoiding word choice errors

1. effect 2) choose 3) venture 4) ascent 5) conscious 6) humane 7)

principle 8) board

Chapter 8

1. 1 Avoiding plagiarism

1. 1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) F

1. 1) set aside / spare 2) intentional 3) procrastination 4) publication /

bibliographic 5) using your own word 6) paraphrasing 7) citations 8)

references 9) citing sources / documenting sources 10) review

1. 1), 2), 4), 6)

Explanations:

Sentence 3 is a very specific statement — it compares the addiction to

video games with gambling and mentions the particular age of 8. It should be

out of certain research results. In fact, this statement is attributed to Keith

Baker, director of Smith and Jones Addiction Consultants, written in an

article for Brigham Young University’s NewsNet.

Sentence 5 is a controversial statement. Cleopatra is generally regarded

as a charming and beautiful woman in history. So most people would believe

it was her beauty to make her a successful ruler.But this statement proposes a

different, personal opinion. In fact, this statement is attributed to Stacy

Schiff, an American nonfiction writer.

1. 2 Incorporating information from sources

1. 1), 4), 5)

Explanations:

Sentence 1 is a personal comment which might be controversial, and

some of the words are unique,such as side-show, booster. Therefore, it is

suitable to be quoted.

Sentence 2 expresses common knowledge. The information can be

easily found in general reference works. Therefore, it does not need a

quotation.

Text 3 is too long (containing more than 40 words). It is in fact a whole

paragraph from the source article. Therefore, it is not suitable to be quoted. If

you want to include it in your essay, try to summarize its main idea.

Sentence 4 presents a study result in the form of statistics. It can be

quoted as evidence for your argument. But considering its length, it would be

even better to use your own words to paraphrase it.

Sentence 5 is a personal comment which expresses a unique idea.

Therefore, it is suitable to be quoted.

1. 1)—b 2)—c 3)—a

1. Paraphrase 2 is better.

Explanations:

Paraphrase 1 follows the same sentence structures with the original text.

It only replaces some words or phrases with synonyms, while many

expressions which are exactly the same as the original text do not have

quotation marks, e.g. directly quoted, limit the amount, source materials.

Therefore,the whole paraphrase resembles the original text very much. Even

with in-text citations, it is still plagiarism.

Paraphrase 2 is better because the writer uses his own words to restate

the meaning of the original text. The sentences are rearranged and

reconstructed; no two consecutive words are the same with the original; each

sentence is followed by an in-text citation.

1. Suggested answers:

1. Old people can continue to work after they get retired because many

companies prefer to employ short-term workers for saving money

(Davidson, 2017).

1. In many people’s opinion, instead of helping students to study, using

the Internet may bring a number of negative effects, one of which is to make

students easily do other irrelevant things in the class (Layton, 2012).

1. Parents used to feel it is a pity not being able to accompany their

children for long time, but according to the research it might be a wrong

conception (Dillner, 2016).

1. Differentiated instruction is a way of teaching by which teachers can

cater for the needs and requirements of different students in a class

(Tomlinson, 2000).

1. Suggested answers:

A summary for reference:

MIT Professor Frankel (2008) calls for a return to the study of

traditional engineering, noting that the number of American engineering

graduates in these majors has fallen sharply when compared to the number

coming from other countries.

1. 3 Acknowledging sources

1. 1) Lack the abbreviation p. which stands for page when providing the

page number at the end of the sentence. It can be revised as:

According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA

style, especially when it was their first time.” (p. 199)

1. Lack a dot after et al (the full form should be et al.). It can be revised

as:

Consumers experience greater risk for online purchases (Porter et al.,

2016).

1. When two authors are part of the sentence, the word and instead of

the symbol & should be used to connect these two authors. It can be revised

as:

Roose and Kang (2018) explained that such technologies now extend

beyond what these parties are able to manage, due to their immense

influence, potential for exploitation and sophistication.

1. The year of publication should be enclosed in brackets and

immediately follow the author’s last name. It can be revised as:

Smith (2014) states that plagiarism is an increasingly big problem.

1. The period should be put at the very end of the sentence, after the

brackets which contain the citation information. It can be revised as:

“As natural selection acts solely by accumulating slight, successive,

favourable variations, it can produce no great or sudden modification; it can

act only by very short and slow steps.” (Darwin,1859, p. 510)

1. The appropriate ways: √2) √3)

1. 1) a 2) b 3) b 4) a

4.