附录 II The Academic Word List

the body paragraphs. Accordingly, SectionsⅠ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ… (or 1, 2, 3 …) will be

followed by the titles of major body parts, as shown in Example 5.

1. Examples 1, 2 and 5 are based on the essay “Nuclear Power: A Viable

Means of Meeting the World Energy Demands” in Academic Writing Skills,

2012, Cambridge University Press.Examples 3 and 4 are based on the essay

“Private Lessons or Group Lessons” in Academic Writing Skills, 2012,

Cambridge University Press.

Appendix Ⅱ　The Academic Word List

Sublist 1

This sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word

List in the Academic Corpus. The

most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 1 are listed

below.

analysis /ə'næləsɪs/ n. the detailed study or examination of something in

order to understand more about it； the result of the study 分析

approach /ə'prəʊtʃ/ n. a way of dealing with somebody / something； a

way of doing or thinking about something such as a problem or a task 方

法；途径

area /'eərɪə/ n. a particular subject or activity， or an aspect of it 领域；

方面

assessment /ə'sesmənt/ n. 1 ） an opinion or a judgement about

somebody / something that has been thought about very carefully 评价　2）

the act of judging or forming an opinion about somebody / something 评估

assume /ə'sjuːm/ v. think or accept that something is true but without

having proof of it 假定；假设；认为

authority /ɔː'θɒrətɪ/ n. the power to give orders to people 权力；威权

available /ə'veɪləbl/ a. that you can get， buy or find 可获得的；可找

到的

benefit /'benɪfɪt/ v. to be useful to somebody or improve their life in

some way 对（某人）有用；使受益n. an advantage that something gives

you； a helpful and useful effect that something has优势；益处；成效

concept /'kɒnsept/ n. an idea or a principle that is connected with

something abstract 概念；观念

consistent /kən'sɪstənt/ a. always behaving in the same way， or having

the same opinions，standards， etc. 一致的；始终如一的

constitutional /'kɒnstɪ'tjuːʃənl/ a. 1） connected with the constitution of

a country or an organization 宪法的；章程的 2） related to the body’s

ability to stay healthy， be strong and fight illness 身体素质的；体质的

context /'kɒntekst/ n. the situation in which something happens and that

helps you to understand it（事情发生的）背景，环境

contract /kən'trækt/ n. an official written agreement 合同；合约v. to

（make something） become less or smaller（使）收缩，缩小

create /krɪ'eɪt/ v. to make something happen or exist 创造；创作

data /'deɪtə/ n. facts or information ， especially when examined and

used to find out things or to make decisions 数据；资料

definition /'defɪ'nɪʃn/ n. an explanation of the meaning of a word or

phrase， especially in a dictionary 释义，解释

derive /dɪ'raɪv/ v. 1） to come or develop from something 从……衍生

出； 起源于　2） （formal）to get something from something （从……

中）得到，获得

distribution /'dɪstrɪ'bjuːʃn/ n. the way that something is shared or exists

over a particular area or among a particular group of people 分配；分布

economic /'iːkə'nɒmɪk/ a. connected with the trade ， industry and

development of wealth of a country， an area or a society 经济的；经济上

的

environment /ɪn'vaɪrənmənt/ n. the conditions that affect the behavior

and development of somebody / something； the natural world in which

people， animals and plants live（影响个体或事物行为或发展的）环

境；自然环境

established /ɪ'stæblɪʃt/ a. respected or given official status because it has

existed or been used for a long time 已确立的；确定的

estimate /'estɪmət/ n. to form an idea of the cost，size， value， etc. of

something， but without calculating it exactly 估价；估算

evidence /'evɪdəns/ n. the facts ， signs or objects that make people

believe that something is true 根据；证明；证据

export /ɪk'spɔːt/ v. 1） to sell and send goods to another country 出口；

输出 2） to introduce an idea or activity to another country or area传播，输

出（思想或活动）

factor /'fæktə （r ）/ n. one of several things that cause or influence

something 因素；要素

financial /faɪ'nænʃl/ a. connected with money and finance 财政的；金

融的

formula /'fɔːmjələ/ n. a series of letters ， numbers or symbols that

represent a rule or law 公式；方程式

function /'fʌŋkʃn/ n. a special activity or purpose of a person or thing 作

用；功能

identify /aɪ'dentɪfaɪ/ v. 1） to recognize somebody　/something and be

able to say who or what they are 确认；认出　2） to find or discover

somebody / something 找到；发现

income /'ɪnkʌm/ n. the money that a person， a region， a country，

etc. earns from work， from investing money， from business， etc. 收

入；收益

indicate /'ɪndɪkeɪt/ v. to show that something is true or exists 表明；显

示

individual /'ɪndɪ'vɪdʒuəl/ n. person considered separately rather than as

part of a group 个人

interpretation /ɪn'tɜːprə'teɪʃn/ n. the particular way in which something is

understood or explained 解释；说明

involved /ɪn'vɒlvd/ a. taking part in something；being part of

something or connected with something 参与；作为一部分；有关联

labor /'leɪbə（r）/ n. work， especially physical work 劳动；（尤

指）体力劳动

issue /'ɪʃuː/ n. an important topic that people are discussing or arguing

about 重要议题；争论的问题

legal /'liːɡl/ a. connected with the law 与法律有关的；法律的

legislation /'ledʒɪs'leɪʃn/ n. a law or a set of laws passed by a parliament

法规；法律

major /'meɪdʒə（r）/ a. very large or important 主要的；重要的

method /'meθəd/ n. a particular way of doing something 方法；办法；

措施

occur /ə'kɜː（r）/ v. （formal） to happen 发生；出现

percentage /pə'sentɪdʒ/ n. the number， amount，rate of something，

expressed as if it is part of a total which is 100 百分率；百分比

period /'pɪərɪəd/ n. a particular length of time 一段时间；时期

policy /'pɒləsɪ/ n. a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political

party， a business， etc. 政策；方针

principle /'prɪnsəpl/ n. a moral rule or a strong belief that influences

people’s actions 行为准则；规范

procedure /prə'siːdʒə（r）/ n. a way of doing something， especially

the usual or correct way程序，手续；步骤

process /'prəʊses/ n. a series of things that are done in order to achieve a

particular result （为达到某一目标的）过程；进程

require /rɪ'kwaɪə（r）/ v. to need something； to depend on somebody /

something 需要；依靠

research /rɪ'sɜːtʃ/ n. a careful study of a subject，especially in order to

discover new facts or information about it 研究；调查v. to study something

carefully and try to discover new facts about it 研究；探讨

response /rɪ'spɒns/ n. a spoken or written answer回答，答复

role /rəʊl/ n. the function or position that somebody has or is expected

to have in an organization， in society or in a relationship 职能；角色

section /'sekʃn/ n. any of the parts into which something is divided 部

分；部门

sector /'sektə（r）/ n. a part of an area of activity，especially of a

country’s economy （尤指一国经济的）部门，领域，行业

significant /sɪɡ'nɪfɪkənt/ a. large or important enough to have an effect

or to be noticed 有重大意义的；显著的

similar /'sɪmələ（r）/ a. like somebody / something but not exactly the

same 相像的；类似的

source /sɔːs/ n. a place， person or thing that you get something from

来源；出处

specific /spə'sɪfɪk/ a. 1） detailed and exact 明确的；具体的　2）

connected with one particular thing only 特定的

structure /'strʌktʃə（r）/ n. the way in which the parts of something are

connected together，arranged or organized 结构；构造

theory /'θɪərɪ/ n. a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why

something happens or exists 学说；理论

variable /'veərɪəbl/ n. a situation， number or quantity that can vary or

be varied 变量；可变情况a. often changing； likely to change 多变的；易

变的

Sublist 2

This sublist contains the second most frequent words in the Academic

Word List from the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the

word families in Sublist 2 are listed below.

achieve /ə'tʃiːv/ v. to succeed in reaching a particular goal， status or

standard， especially by making an effort for a long time 达到（某目标、

地位、标准）

acquisition /'ækwɪ'zɪʃn/ n. the act of getting something ， especially

knowledge， a skill， etc.（知识、技能等的）获得，得到

administration /əd'mɪnɪ'streɪʃn/ n. the activities that are done in order to

plan， organize and run a business， school or other institution 管理；行政

affect /ə'fekt/ v. to produce a change in somebody /something 影响

appropriate /ə'prəʊprɪət/ a. suitable ， acceptable or correct for the

particular circumstances 合适的；恰当的

aspect /'æspekt/ n. a particular part or feature of a situation， an idea，

a problem， etc.； a way in which it may be considered 方面；层面

assistance /ə'sɪstəns/ n. help or support 帮助；援助；支持

category /'kætəgərɪ/ n. a group of people or things with particular

features in common 类别，种类

chapter /'tʃæptə（r）/ n. a separate section of a book， usually with a

number or title（书的）章，篇，回

commission /kə'mɪʃn/ n. an official group of people who have been

given responsibility to control something， or to find out about something，

usually for the government 委员会

community /kə'mjuːnətɪ/ n. all the people who live in a particular area，

country， etc. when talked about as a group 社区；社会

complex /'kɒmpleks/ a. made of many different things or parts that are

connected； difficult to understand 复杂的；难懂的；费解的

computer /kəm'pjuːtə（r）/ n. an electronic machine that can store，

organize and find information， do calculations and control other machines

计算机；电脑

conclusion /kən'kluːʒn/ n. something that you decide when you have

thought about all the information connected with the situation 结论；推论

conduct /kən'dʌkt/ v. to organize and / or do a particular activity 组织；

实施；执行

consequence /'kɒnsɪkwəns/ n. a result of something that has happened

结果；后果

construction /kən'strʌkʃn/ n. the process or method of building or

making something，especially roads， buildings， bridges， etc. 建筑；建

造

consumer /kən'sjuːmə （r ）/ n. a person who buys goods or uses

services 消费者；顾客；用户

credit /'kredɪt/ v. to add an amount of money to somebody’s bank

account（给银行账户）存入金额；把……记入贷方n. the status of being

trusted to pay back money to somebody who lends it to you 信誉，信用

cultural /'kʌltʃərəl/ a. connected with the culture of a particular society

or group， its customs，beliefs， etc. 与文化有关的；文化的

design /dɪ'zaɪn/ v. to decide how something will look， work， etc.，

especially by drawing plans or making models 设计；构思

distinction /dɪ'stɪŋkʃn/ n. a clear difference or contrast especially

between people or things that are similar or related 差别；区别；对比

element /'elɪmənt/ n. a necessary or typical part of something 要素；基

本部分

equation /ɪ'kweɪʒn/ n. 1 ） a statement showing that two amounts or

values are equal， for example 2x + y = 54 方程式；等式　2） the act of

making something equal or considering something as equal 相等；等同看

待

evaluation /ɪ'væljueɪʃn/ n. an act or instance of evaluating or appraising

估计；评价；评估

feature /'fiːtʃə（r）/ n. something important，interesting or typical of a

place or thing 特征；特点v. to include a particular person or thing as a

special feature 以……为特色

final /'faɪnl/ a. being or happening at the end of a series of events，

actions， statements， etc. 最终的；最后的n. the last of a series of games

or competitions in which the winner is decided 决赛

focus /'fəʊkəs/ v. to give attention ， effort ， etc.to one particular

subject， situation or person rather than another 集中（注意力、精力等）

n. the thing or person that people are most interested in； the act of paying

special attention to something and making people interested in it 中心点

impact /'ɪmpækt/ n. the powerful effect that something has on somebody

/ something 巨大影响；强大作用v. to have an effect on something（对某

事物）有影响，有作用

injury /'ɪndʒərɪ/ n. harm done to a person’s or an animal’s body， for

example in an accident伤害，损伤

institute /'ɪnstɪtjuːt/ n. an organization that has a particular purpose，

especially one that is connected with education or a particular profession

（教育、专业等）机构

investment /ɪn'vestmənt/ n. 1） the act of investing money in something

投资　2） the money that you invest， or the thing that you invest in 投资

额；投资物

item /'aɪtəm/ n. 1） one thing on a list of things to buy， do， talk

about， etc.　项目　2） a single article or object 一件商品（或物品）　

3）a single piece of news in a newspaper， on television， etc.　一则，一

条（新闻）

journal /'dʒɜːnl/ n. a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular

subject or profession（某学科或专业的）报纸，刊物，杂志

maintenance /'meɪntənəns/ n. 1） the act of keeping something in good

condition by checking or repairing it regularly 维护；保养　2） the act of

making a state or situation continue 维持；保持

normal /'nɔːml/ a. typical， usual or ordinary；what you would expect

典型的；正常的

obtain /əb'teɪn/ v. to get something， especially by making an effort

（尤指经努力）获得，赢得

participation /pɑː'tɪsɪ'peɪʃn/ n. the act of taking part in an activity or

event 参加；参与

perceive /pə'siːv/ v. to notice or become aware of something 注意到；

意识到；察觉到

positive /'pɒzətɪv/ a. thinking about what is good in a situation； feeling

confident and sure that something good will happen 积极乐观的；自信的

potential /pə'tenʃl/ a. that can develop into something or be developed in

the future 潜在的；可能的n. the possibility of something happening or

being developed or used 可能性；潜在性

previous /'priːvɪəs/ a. happening or existing before the event or object

that you are talking about 先前的；以往的

primary /'praɪmərɪ/ a. main； most important；basic 主要的；最重要

的；基本的

purchase /'pɜːtʃəs/ v. to buy something 购买；采购n. the act or process

of buying something 购买；采购

range /reɪndʒ/ v. to vary between two particular amounts ， sizes ，

etc.， including others between them （在一定的范围内）变化，变动n.

the limits between which something varies（变动或浮动的）范围，区间

region /'riːdʒən/ n. a large area of land， usually without exact limits or

borders 地区，区域

regulation /'regju'leɪʃn/ n. an official rule made by a government or

some other authority 规章制度；法规

relevant /'reləvənt/ a. closely connected with the subject you are

discussing or the situation you are thinking about 紧密相关的；切题的

resident /'rezɪdənt/ n. a person who lives in a particular place or who has

their home there居民；住户a. living in a particular place （在某地）居住

的

resource /rɪ'sɔːs/ n. a supply of that a country ，an organization or a

person has and can use，especially to increase their wealth 资源；财力

restricted /rɪ'strɪktɪd/ a. 1） limited or small in size or amount（大小或

数量）有限的，很小的　2） limited in what you are able to do 有限的，

受限制的　3） controlled by rules or laws受（法规）制约的；受约束的

security /sɪ'kjʊərətɪ/ n. 1 ） the state of feeling happy and safe from

danger or worry 安全；平安　2） the activities involved in protecting a

country， building or person against attack，danger， etc. 保护措施；安

全工作

select /sɪ'lekt/ v. to choose somebody / something from a group of

people or things， usually according to a system 选择；挑选

site /saɪt/ n. a place where a building， town， etc.was， is or will be

located 地点，位置

strategy /'strætədʒɪ/ n. a plan that is intended to achieve a particular

purpose 策略；计策

sought /sɔːt/ v. past tense， past participle of seek搜索（seek的过去式

和过去分词）

survey /'sɜːveɪ/ n. an investigation of the opinions，behavior， etc. of a

particular group of people，which is usually done by asking them questions

民意调查；民意测验

text /tekst/ n. the main printed part of a book or magazine， not the

notes， pictures， etc. （书籍或杂志的）正文，本文v. to send somebody

a written message using a mobile phone 发短信

traditional /trə'dɪʃənl/ a. being part of the beliefs， customs or way of

life of a particular group of people， that have not changed for a long time

传统的；习俗的

transfer /træns'fɜː（r）/ v. to move （something /somebody） from one

place to another（使）转移，搬迁

Sublist 3 This sublist contains the third most frequent words of the

Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.The most frequent members of

the word families in Sublist 3 are listed below.

alternative /ɔːl'tɜːnətɪv/ n. a thing that you can choose to do or have out

of two or more possibilities 可供选择的事物a. that can be used instead of

something else可供替代的

circumstance /'sɜːkəmstəns/ n. the conditions and facts that are

connected with and affect a situation， an event or an action 条件；环境；

状况

comment /'kɒment/ n. something that you say or write which gives an

opinion on or explains somebody / something 意见；评论v. to express an

opinion about something 表达意见

compensation /'kɒmpen'seɪʃn/ n. 1） something，especially money，

that somebody gives you because they have hurt you ， or damaged

something that you own 补偿（或赔偿）物；（尤指）赔偿金，补偿金　

2） the act of giving this to somebody 赔偿

component /kəm'pəʊnənt/ n. one of several parts of which something is

made 组成部分；成分；部件

consent /kən'sent/ n. permission to do something，especially given by

somebody in authority 同意；准许v. to agree to something or give your

permission for something 同意；准许

considerable /kən'sɪdərəbl/ a. great in amount， size，importance，

etc. 相当多（或大、重要等）的

constant /'kɒnstənt/ a. happening all the time or repeatedly 连续发生

的；不断的

constraint /kən'streɪnt/ n. a thing that limits or restricts something， or

your freedom to do something 限制；约束

contribution /'kɒntrɪ'bjuːʃn/ n. an action or a service that helps to cause

or increase something 贡献；促成作用

convention /kən'venʃn/ n. the way in which something is done that most

people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it

习俗；常规；惯例

coordination /kəʊ'ɔːdɪ'neɪʃn/ n. the act of making parts of something，

groups of people， etc.work together in an efficient and organized way 协

调；配合

core /kɔː（r）/ n. the most important or central part of something 最重

要的部分；核心a. most important； main or essential 最重要的；主要

的；基本的

corporate /'kɔːpərət/ a. connected with a corporation 公司的

corresponding /'kɒrə'spɒndɪŋ/ a. matching or connected with something

that you have just mentioned 相应的；相关的

criteria n. /kraɪ'tɪərɪə/ n. （pl. ） standards or principles by which

something is judged， or with the help of which a decision is made 标准，

准则

deduction /dɪ'dʌkʃn/ n. the process of using information you have in

order to understand a particular situation or to find the answer to a problem

演绎；推论

demonstrate /'demənstreɪt/ v. to show something clearly by giving proof

or evidence 证明；证实；论证

document /'dɒkjumənt/ n. an official paper or book that gives

information about something，or that can be used as evidence or proof of

something 文件；公文；文献

dominant /'dɒmɪnənt/ a. more important，powerful or noticeable than

other things 占支配地位的；占优势的；显著的

emphasis /'emfəsɪs/ n. special importance that is given to something 强

调；重视

ensure /ɪn'ʃʊə （r ）/ v. to make sure that something happens or is

definite 保证；担保；确保

exclude /ɪk'skluːd/ v. to deliberately not include something in what you

are doing or considering不包括；不放在考虑之列

framework /'freɪmwɜːk/ n. 1） the parts of a building or an object that

support its weight and give it shape （建筑物或物体的）构架，框架　2）

the structure of a particular system结构，机制

fund /fʌnd/ n. an amount of money that has been saved or has been

made available for a particular purpose 基金；专款

illustrate /'ɪləstreɪt/ v. to make the meaning of something clearer by

using examples， pictures，etc. （用示例、图画等）说明，解释

immigration /'ɪmɪ'greɪʃn/ n. 1 ） the process of coming to live

permanently in a country that is not your own 移居（入境）　2） the

number of people who do this 移民人数

imply /ɪm'plaɪ/ v. to suggest that something is true or that you feel or

think something，without saying so directly 含有……的意思；暗示；暗

指

initial /ɪ'nɪʃl/ a. happening at the beginning； first最初的；开始的；第

一的

instance /'ɪnstəns/ n. a particular example or case of something 例子；

实例

interaction /'ɪntər'ækʃn/ n. 1 ） the action of communicating with

somebody， especially while you work， play or spend time with them交

流；互动　2） the process that two things affect each other’s behavior or

condition 相互作用；相互影响

justification /'dʒʌstɪfɪ'keɪʃn/ n. a good reason why something exists or is

done 正当理由

layer /'leɪə（r）/ n. a quantity or thickness of something that lies over a

surface or between surfaces 层；表层

link /lɪŋk/ n. a connection between two or more people or things 联系；

连接v. to make a physical or electronic connection between one object，

machine， place， etc. and another 把（物体、机器、地方等）连接起来

location /ləʊ'keɪʃn/ n. 1） a place where something happens or exists 地

方；地点　2） the position of something 位置

maximum /'mæksɪməm/ a. as large， fast， etc.as is possible， or the

most that is possible or allowed 最大值的；最多的；最高的n. the greatest

amount， size， speed， etc. that is possible， recorded or allowed 最大

量；最大限度

minority /maɪ'nɒrətɪ/ n. the smaller part of a group； less than half of

the people or things in a large group 少数；少数派；少数人

negative /'negətɪv/ a. 1 ） bad or harmful 坏的；有害的　2 ）

considering only the bad side of something /somebody； lacking enthusiasm

or hope 消极的；负面的；缺乏热情的

outcome /aʊtkʌm/ n. the result or effect of an action or event 结果；效

果

partnership /'pɑːtnəʃɪp/ n. the state of being a partner in business 伙伴关

系；合伙人身份

philosophy /fə'lɒsəfɪ/ n. the study of the nature and meaning of the

universe and of human life哲学

physical /'fɪzɪkl/ a. 1） connected with a person’s body rather than their

mind 身体的；肉体的　2） connected with things that actually exist or are

present and can be seen， felt， etc. rather than things that only exist in a

person’s mind客观存在的；物质的；有形的

proportion /prə'pɔːʃn/ n. 1） a part or share of a whole 部分；份额　

2） the relationship of one thing to another in size， amount， etc. 比例；

倍数关系

publish /'pʌblɪʃ/ v. to produce a book， magazine，CD-ROM ， etc.

and sell it to the public 出版；发行

reaction /rɪ'ækʃn/ n. what you do， say or think as a result of something

that has happened 反应；回应

register /'redʒɪstə（r）/ v. to record a person’s /something’s name on an

official list 登记；注册

reliance /rɪ'laɪəns/ n. the state of needing somebody / something in order

to survive， be successful， etc. 依赖；依靠

remove /rɪ'muːv/ v. to take something /somebody away from a place 移

开；拿开；去掉

scheme /skiːm/ n. a plan or system for doing or organizing something

计划；方案

sequence /'siːkwəns/ n. the order that events，actions， etc. happen in

or should happen in 顺序；次序

sex /seks/ n. the state of being male or female 性别；性

shift /ʃɪft/ v. to move ， or move something ， from one position or

place to another 转移；挪动n. a change in position or direction 改变；转

移；变换

specify /'spesɪfaɪ/ v. to state something，especially by giving an exact

measurement，time， exact instructions， etc. 具体说明；明确规定；详

述

sufficient /sə'fɪʃnt/ a. enough for a particular purpose； as much as you

need 足够的；充足的

task /tɑːsk/ n. a piece of work that somebody has to do， especially a

hard or unpleasant one 任务，工作

technical /'teknɪkl/ a. connected with the practical use of machinery，

methods， etc. in science and industry 技术的；技能的；工艺的

technique /tek'niːk/ n. a particular way of doing something， especially

one in which you have to learn special skills 技巧；技艺；工艺

technology /tek'nɒlədʒɪ/ n. scientific knowledge used in practical ways

in industry， for example in designing new machines 科技；工业技术

validity /və'lɪdətɪ/ n. the state of being legally or officially acceptable

（法律上的）有效，合法性

volume /'vɒljuːm/ n. 1 ） the amount of space that an object or a

substance fills； the amount of space that a container has 体积；容积　2）

the amount of something 量；额

Sublist 4

This sublist contains the fourth most frequent words of the Academic

Word List in the Academic Corpus.The most frequent members of the word

families in Sublist 4 are listed below.

access /'ækses/ n. 1） a way of entering or reaching a place 通道；入径

2 ） the opportunity or right to use something or to see somebody /

something 机会，权利v. （formal） to reach， enter or use something 进

入；使用

adequate /'ædɪkwət/ a. enough in quantity，or good enough in quality，

for a particular purpose or need 足够的；合乎需要的

annual /'ænjuəl/ a. happening or done once every year 每年的；一年一

次的；年度的

apparent /ə'pærənt/ a. easy to see or understand显而易见的；明白易懂

的

approximate /ə'prɒksɪmeɪt/ v. to be similar or close to something in

nature， quality， amount，etc.， but not exactly the same 近似；接近

attitude /'ætɪtjuːd/ n. the way that you think and feel about somebody /

something 态度；看法

attribute /ə'trɪbjuːt/ v. to say or believe that something is the result of a

particular thing 把……归因于；认为……是由于

civil /'sɪvl/ a. connected with the people who live in a country 国民的；

平民的

code /kəʊd/ n. a system of words， letters，numbers or symbols that

represent a message or record information secretly or in a shorter form 密

码；暗码；代码

commitment /kə'mɪtmənt/ n. 1 ） a promise to do something or to

behave in a particular way承诺；许诺　2） the willingness to work hard

and give your energy and time to a job or an activity 献身，投入

communication /kə'mjuːnɪ'keɪʃn/ n. the activity or process of expressing

ideas and feelings or of giving people information 表达；交流

concentration /'kɒnsn'treɪʃn/ n. the ability to direct all your effort and

attention on one thing， without thinking of other things 专心；专注

conference /'kɒnfərəns/ n. a large official meeting， usually lasting for

a few days， at which people with the same work or interests come together

to discuss their views 会议，研讨会

contrast /'kɒntrɑːst/ n. 1） a difference between two or more people or

things that you can see clearly when they are compared or put close together

明显的差异　2） the fact of comparing two or more things in order to show

the differences between them 对比；对照

cycle /'saɪkl/ n. 1） the fact of a series of events being repeated many

times， always in the same order 循环　2） a bicycle or motorcycle自行

车；摩托车

debate /dɪ'beɪt/ n. 1 ） a formal discussion of an issue at a public

meeting or in a parliament 辩论　2） an argument or discussion expressing

different opinions 争论，辩论v. to discuss something ， especially

formally，before making a decision or finding a solution（尤指正式）讨

论，辩论

despite /dɪ'spaɪt/ prep. used to show that something happened or is true

although something else might have happened to prevent it 即使；尽管

dimension /daɪ'menʃn/ n. 1） a measurement in space， for example the

height， width or length of something 维；尺寸　2） an aspect， or way

of looking at or thinking about something 方面；侧面

domestic /də'mestɪk/ a. 1） of or inside a particular country 本国的；

国内的　2） used in the home； connected with the home or family 家用

的；家庭的

emerge /i'mɜːdʒ/ v. 1） to come out of a dark，confined or hidden place

出现，浮现　2） to become known 暴露；被知晓

error /'erə（r）/ n. a mistake， especially one that causes problems or

affects the result of something 错误；差错

ethnic /'eθnɪk/ a. connected with or belonging to a nation ， race or

people that shares a cultural tradition 民族的；种族的

goal /gəʊl/ n. something that you hope to achieve目标；目的

grant /grɑːnt/ v. to agree to give somebody what they ask for ，

especially formal or legal permission to do something（尤指正式地或法律

上）同意，允许

hence /hens/ ad. （formal） for this reason 因此；由此

hypothesis /haɪ'pɒθəsɪs/ n. an idea or explanation of something that is

based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or

correct 假说，假设

implementation /'ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃn/ n. the act of making something that

has been officially decided start to happen or be used 执行；实施

implication /'ɪmplɪ'keɪʃn/ n. 1） a possible effect or result of an action or

a decision 可能的影响　2） something that is suggested or indirectly stated

含意；暗指

impose /ɪm'pəʊz/ v. to force somebody / something to have to deal with

something that is difficult or unpleasant 迫使；强加

integration /'ɪntɪ'greɪʃn/ n. the act or process of combining two or more

things so that they work together 整合；一体化

internal /ɪn'tɜːnl/ a. connected with the inside of something 内部的；里

面的

investigation /ɪn'vestɪ'geɪʃn/ n. 1） an official examination of the facts

about a situation，crime， etc.调查，侦查　2） a scientific or academic

examination of the facts of a subject or problem 科学研究；学术研究

job /dʒɒb/ n. 1） work for which you receive regular payment 工作；

职业　2） a particular task or piece of work that you have to do 任务；工

作，活儿

label /'leɪbl/ n. a piece of paper， etc. that is attached to something and

that gives information about it 标签；签条v. to fix a label on something or

write information on something 贴标签于；用标签标明

mechanism /'mekənɪzəm/ n. 1） a set of moving parts in a machine that

performs a task 机械装置；机件　2） a method or a system for achieving

something 方法；机制

obvious /'ɒbvɪəs/ a. easy to see or understand 明显的；显然的

occupational /'ɒkju'peɪʃənl/ a. connected with a person’s job or

profession 职业的

option /'ɒpʃn/ n. 1） something that you can choose to have or do 可选

择的事物　2） the freedom to choose what you do 选择（的自由）；选

择权

output /'aʊtpʊt/ n. the amount of something that a person， a machine

or an organization produces 产量，输出量

overall /'əʊvər'ɔːl/ a. including all the things or people that are involved

in a particular situation； general 全面的；综合的；总体的

parallel /'pærəlel/ a. 1） （used about two lines，etc.） with the same

distance between them for all their length （两条线等）平行的　2） very

similar or taking place at the same time 极相似的；同时发生的

parameter /pə'ræmɪtə（r）/ n. （usually in plural form） something

that decides or limits the way in which something can be done 参数；范围

phase /feɪz/ n. a stage in a process of change or development 阶段；时

期

predict /prɪ'dɪkt/ v. to say that something will happen in the future 预

言；预报

principal /'prɪnsəpl/ a. most important； main 最重要的；主要的

prior /'praɪə（r）/ a. happening or existing before something else or

before a particular time 先前的；较早的；在前的

professional /prə'feʃənl/ a. connected with a job that needs special

training or skill， especially one that needs a high level of education 职业

的；专业的

project /'prɒdʒekt/ n. a planned piece of work that is designed to find

information， to produce something new， or to improve something 项目；

方案；工程

promote /prə'məʊt/ v. 1） to help something to happen or develop 促

进；推动　2） （in passive voice） to move somebody to a higher rank or

more senior job 提升；晋升

regime /reɪ'ʒiːm/ n. 1） a method or system of government， especially

one that has not been elected in a fair way 统治制度，政权　2） a method

or system of organizing or managing something 组织方法；管理体制

resolution /'rezə'luːʃn/ n. a firm decision to do or not to do something 决

心；决定

retain /rɪ'teɪn/ v. to keep something； to continue to have something 保

持；保留

series /'sɪəriːz/ n. several events or things of a similar kind that happen

one after the other 一系列；连续

statistics /stə'tɪstɪks/ n. a collection of information shown in numbers 统

计数字；统计资料

status /'steɪtəs/ n. the social or professional position of somebody /

something in relation to others 地位；身份

stress /stres/ n. pressure or worry caused by the problems in somebody’s

life （精神）压力；紧张v. to emphasize a fact， an idea， etc. 强调；着

重

subsequent /'sʌbsɪkwənt/ a. happening or coming after something else

随后的；后来的

sum /sʌm/ n. the number you get when you add two or more numbers

together 和；总数

summary /'sʌmərɪ/ n. a short statement that gives only the main points

of something， not the details 总结；概括

undertake /'ʌndə'teɪk/ v. to make yourself responsible for something and

start doing it 承担；从事；负责

Sublist 5

This sublist contains the fifth most frequent words in the Academic

Word List from the Academic Corpus.The most frequent members of the

word families in Sublist 5 are listed below.

academic /'ækə'demɪk/ a. 1） associated with education， especially

studying in schools and universities 学业的；学校的；大学的　2 ）

involved a lot of studying and reasoning rather than practical or technical

skills 学术的，重研究与思辨的n. a person who teaches and / or does

research at a university or college 大学教师；高校科研人员

adjustment /ə'dʒʌstmənt/ n. a small change made to something in order

to correct or improve it 调整；调节

alter /'ɔːltə （r ）/ v. to change； to make somebody /something

different 改变，更改

amendment /ə'mendmənt/ n. a small change or improvement that is

made to a law or a document 修改，修订；修正案

aware /ə'weə（r）/ a. knowing or realizing something 知道的；意识到

的

capacity /kə'pæsətɪ/ n. 1） the ability to understand or to do something

能力　2） the number of things or people that a container or space can hold

容量；容纳能力

challenge /'tʃæləndʒ/ n. a new or difficult task that tests somebody’s

ability and skill 挑战；艰巨任务v. to question whether a statement or an

action is right， legal， etc.； to refuse to accept something 对……怀疑

（或质疑）；拒绝接受

clause /klɔːz/ n. 1 ） a group of words that includes a subject and a

verb， and forms a sentence or part of a sentence 从句；分句　2） an item

in a legal document that says that a particular thing must or must not be done

（法律文件等的）条款

compound /'kɒmpaʊnd/ n. a thing consisting of two or more separate

things combined together 复合物；混合物

conflict /'kɒnflɪkt/ n. a situation in which people，groups or countries

are involved in a serious disagreement or argument 冲突；争执

consultation /'kɒnsl'teɪʃn/ n. the act of discussing something with

somebody or with a group of people before making a decision about it 咨

询；磋商

contact /'kɒntækt/ n. the act of communicating with somebody ，

especially regularly 联系，联络v. to communicate with somebody， for

example by telephone or letter 联系，联络

decline /dɪ'klaɪn/ n. a continuous decrease in the number ， value ，

quality， etc. of something 减少，下降

discretion /dɪ'skreʃn/ n. the freedom or power to decide what should be

done in a particular situation 自行决定的自由；自行决定权

draft /drɑːft/ n. a rough written version of something that is not yet in its

final form 草稿；草案

enable /ɪ'neɪbl/ v. to make it possible for somebody to do something 使

能够；使有机会

energy /'enədʒɪ/ n. the ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an

activity， work， etc. 精力；活力

enforcement /ɪn'fɔːsmənt/ n. 1） the act of making sure that people obey

a particular law or rule强制执行，强制实施　2 ） the act of making

something happen or force somebody to do something 强迫；迫使

entity /'entətɪ/ n. something that exists separately from other things and

has its own identity 独立存在物；实体

equivalent /ɪ'kwɪvələnt/ a. equal in value ，amount ， meaning ，

importance， etc. 相等的，相同的n. a thing， amount， word， etc. that

is equivalent to something else 相等的东西；对应物

evolution /'iːvə'luːʃn/ n. the gradual development of plants， animals，

etc. over many years as they adapt to changes in their environment 进化

expansion /ɪk'spænʃn/ n. an act of increasing or making something

increase in size， amount or importance 扩张；扩展；扩大

exposure /ɪk'spəʊʒə （r ）/ n. 1 ） the state of being in a place or

situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant

面临，遭受　2 ） the state of having the true facts about somebody /

something told after they have been hidden because they are bad， immoral

or illegal 揭露

external /ɪk'stɜːnl/ a. connected with or located on the outside of

something / somebody 外部的；外面的

facilitate /fə'sɪlɪteɪt/ v. to make an action or a process possible or easier

促进； 促使； 使便利

fundamental /'fʌndə'mentl/ a. 1） serious and very important 十分重大

的　2） affecting the most central and important parts of something根本

的；基本的

generate /'dʒenəreɪt/ v. to produce or create something 产生；引起

generation /dʒenə'reɪʃn/ n. all the people who were born at about the

same time 一代人，同辈人

image /'ɪmɪdʒ/ n. the impression that a person ，an organization or a

product， etc. gives to the public 形象；印象

liberal /'lɪbərəl/ a. willing to understand and respect other people’s

behavior ， opinions ， etc. 宽宏大度的；开明的n. a person who

understands and respects other people’s opinions and behavior， especially

when they are different from their own 宽容的人；开明的人

licence /'laɪsns/ n. an official document that shows that permission has

been given to do，own or use something 许可证；执照

logic /'lɒdʒɪk/ n. a way of thinking or explaining something 思维方

式；逻辑

marginal /'mɑːdʒɪnl/ a. small and not important小的；不重要的

medical /'medɪkl/ a. connected with illness and injury and their

treatment 疾病的；医疗的

mental /'mentl/ a. connected with or happening in the mind 思想的；精

神的

modify /'mɒdɪfaɪ/ v. to change something slightly， especially in order

to make it more suitable for a particular purpose 调整；修改

monitor /'mɒnɪtə（r）/ v. to watch and check something over a period

of time in order to see how it develops， so that you can make any necessary

changes 监视；检查；跟踪调查

network /'netwɜːk/ n. a complicated system of roads， lines， tubes，

nerves， etc. that cross each other and are connected to each other 网络；网

状系统

notion /'nəʊʃn/ n. an idea， a belief or an understanding of something

观念；信念

objective /əb'dʒektɪv/ a. not influenced by personal feelings or

opinions； considering only facts 客观的；就事论事的n. something that

you are trying to achieve 目标；目的

orientation /'ɔːrɪən'teɪʃn/ n. 1 ） the type of aims or interests that a

person or an organization has方向；目标　2） the act of directing your

aims towards a particular thing 定向

perspective /pə'spektɪv/ n. 1） a particular attitude towards something

态度；观点　2） a way of thinking about something 思考方法

precise /prɪ'saɪs/ a. clear and accurate 准确的；精确的

prime /praɪm/ a. main； most important； basic 主要的；首要的；基

本的

psychology /saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ/ n. the scientific study of the mind and how it

influences behavior 心理学

pursue /pə'sjuː/ v. to do something or try to achieve something over a

period of time 追求；致力于

ratio /'reɪʃɪəʊ/ n. the relationship between two groups of people or

things that is represented by two numbers showing how much larger one

group is than the other 比率；比例

reject /rɪ'dʒekt/ v. to refuse to accept or consider something 拒绝接受；

不予考虑

revenue /'revənjuː/ n. the money that a government receives from taxes

or that an organization，etc. receives from its business 财政收入；税收收

入；收益

stability /stə'bɪlətɪ/ n. the quality or state of being steady and not

changing or being disturbed in any way 稳定（性）；稳固（性）

style /staɪl/ n. the particular way in which something is done 方式；作

风

substitution /'sʌbstɪ'tjuːʃn/ n. the act of taking the place of somebody /

something else 代替；取代

sustainable /sə'steɪnəbl/ a. 1） that can continue or be continued for a

long time 可持续的　2） involving the use of natural products and energy

in a way that does not harm the environment 不破坏生态平衡的， 合理利

用的

symbolic /sɪm'bɒlɪk/ a. containing symbols， or being used as a symbol

作为象征的；象征性的

target /'tɑːgɪt/ n. a result that you try to achieve目标；指标

transition /træn'zɪʃn/ n. the process or a period of changing from one

state or condition to another 过渡；转变

trend /trend/ n. a general direction in which a situation is changing or

developing 趋势；趋向

version /'vɜːʃn/ n. a form of something that is slightly different from an

earlier form or from other forms of the same thing 变体；版本

welfare /'welfeə（r）/ n. the general health，happiness and safety of a

person， an animal or a group 幸福，安全与健康

whereas /'weər'æz/ conj. used to compare or contrast two facts 然而，

但是

Sublist 6

This sublist contains the sixth most frequent words in the Academic

Word List from the Academic Corpus.The most frequent members of the

word families in Sublist 6 are listed below.

abstract /'æbstrækt/ a. based on general ideas and not on any particular

real person， thing or situation 抽象的

accurate /'ækjərət/ a. able to give completely correct information or to

do something in an exact way 精确的；准确的

acknowledge /ək'nɒlɪdʒ/ v. 1） to accept that something is true 承认　

2） to publicly express thanks for help you have been given （公开）感谢

aggregate /'ægrɪgeɪt/ v. to put together different items， amounts， etc.

into a single group or total 总计；合计

allocation /'ælə'keɪʃn/ n. the act of giving something to somebody for a

particular purpose 划拨；分配

assign /ə'saɪn/ v. to give somebody something that they can use， or

some work or responsibility 分配；布置（工作、任务等）

attached /ə'tætʃt/ a. 1） full of affection for somebody / something 依

恋； 爱慕　2） working for or forming part of an organization 附属于；

为……工作

author /'ɔːθə（r）/ n. a person who writes books or the person who

wrote a particular book 作者；作家

bond /bɒnd/ n. something that forms a connection between people or

groups， such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences 纽

带；联系

brief /briːf/ a. 1） lasting only a short time 短时间的；短暂的　2）

using few words 简洁的

capable /'keɪpəbl/ a. having the ability or qualities necessary for doing

something 有能力的

cite /saɪt/ v. to mention something as a reason or an example， or in

order to support what you are saying 提及；列举　2） to speak or write the

exact words from a book， an author， etc.引用；引述

cooperative /kəʊ'ɒpərətɪv/ a. involving doing something together or

working together with others towards a shared aim 合作的；协作的

discrimination /dɪ'skrɪmɪ'neɪʃn/ n. the practice of treating somebody or a

particular group in society less fairly than others 区别对待；歧视

display /dɪ'spleɪ/ v. 1） to put something in a place where people can

see it easily 陈列；展示　2） to show signs of something， especially a

quality or feeling 显示，显露，表现n. 1） an arrangement of things in a

public place to inform or entertain people or advertise something for sale 陈

列；展览　2 ） an act of performing a skill or of showing something

happening， in order to entertain 展示；表演3） an occasion when you

show a particular quality， feeling or ability by the way that you behave 显

示，表露

diversity /daɪ'vɜːsətɪ/ n. 1） a range of many people or things that are

very different from each other 差异；不同　2 ） the quality or fact of

including a range of many people or things多样性；多样化

domain /də'meɪn/ n. an area of knowledge or activity； especially one

that somebody is responsible for 领域，范围，范畴

edition /ɪ'dɪʃn/ n. the form in which a book is published 版本（出版形

式）

enhance /ɪn'hɑːns/ v. to increase or further improve the good quality，

value or status of somebody / something 提高；增强

estate /ɪ'steɪt/ n. 1） a large area of land， usually in the country， that

is owned by one person or family 庄园，地产　2） all the money and

property that a person owns， especially everything that is left when they

die 个人财产；（尤指）遗产

exceed /ɪk'siːd/ v. to be greater than a particular number or amount 超过

expert /'ekspɜːt/ n. a person with special knowledge， skill or training

in something 专家；行家

explicit /ɪk'splɪsɪt/ a. saying something clearly，exactly and openly 清

晰的，明确的

federal /'fedərəl/ a. 　having a system of government in which the

individual states of a country have control over their own affairs，but are

controlled by a central government for national decisions， etc. 联邦制的

fee /fiː/ n. 1） an amount of money that you pay for professional advice

or services 专业服务费；报酬　2） an amount of money that you pay to

join an organization， or to do something费；费用

flexibility /'fleksə'bɪlətɪ/ n. the quality of being adaptable or variable 机

动性，灵活性

furthermore /'fɜːðə'mɔː（r）/ ad. in addition to what has just been stated

此外；而且

gender /'dʒendə（r）/ n. the fact of being male or female 性别

ignore /ɪg'nɔː（r）/ v. to pay no attention to something 忽视；对……

不予理会

incentive /ɪn'sentɪv/ n. something that encourages you to do things 激

励；刺激

incidence /'ɪnsɪdəns/ n. the extent to which something happens or has an

effect 发生率；影响程度

incorporate /ɪn'kɔːpəreɪt/ v. to include something so that it forms a part

of something 包含；吸收；使并入

index /'ɪndeks/ n. 1 ） a system that shows the level of prices and

wages， etc. so that they can be compared with those of a previous date 指

数　2） a list of names or topics that are referred to in a book， etc.，

usually arranged at the end of a book in alphabetical order or listed in a

separate file or book 索引

inhibition /'ɪnhɪ'bɪʃn/ n. the act of restricting or preventing a process or

an action 阻止；抑制

initiatives /ɪ'nɪʃətɪv/ n. a new plan for dealing with a particular problem

or for achieving a particular purpose 倡议；新方案

input /'ɪnpʊt/ n. 1） time， knowledge， ideas， etc.that you put into

work， a project， etc. in order to make it succeed 投入资源 2） the act of

putting something in 投入；输入

instruction /ɪn'strʌkʃn/ n. detailed information on how to do or use

something 用法说明；操作指南

intelligence /ɪn'telɪdʒəns/ n. the ability to learn，understand and think in

a logical way about things 智力；才智

interval /'ɪntəvl/ n. a period of time between two events 间隔，间隙

lecture /'lektʃə（r）/ n. a talk that is given to a group of people to teach

them about a particular subject ， often as part of a university or college

course 讲座，讲课

migration /maɪ'greɪʃn/ n. the movement of large numbers of people，

birds or animals from one place to another 迁移；移居

minimum /'mɪnɪməm/ a. the smallest that is possible or allowed 最低

的；最小的n. the smallest or lowest amount that is possible， required or

recorded 最小值；最少量

ministry /'mɪnɪstrɪ/ n. a government department that has a particular area

of responsibility （政府的）部

motivation /'məʊtɪ'veɪʃn/ n. the reason why somebody does something

or behaves in a particular way 动机；诱因

neutral /'njuːtrəl/ a. not supporting or helping either side in a

disagreement， competition， etc.中立的

nevertheless /'nevəðə'les/ ad. despite something that you have just

mentioned 尽管如此；然而

overseas /'əʊvə'siːz/ a. connected with foreign countries ， especially

those separated from your country by the sea or ocean 外国的；海外的ad.

to or in a foreign country， especially those separated from your country by

the sea or ocean 在国外；在海外

precede /prɪ'siːd/ v. to happen before something or come before

something / somebody in order 在……之前发生（或出现）；先于

presumption /prɪ'zʌmpʃn/ n. the act of supposing that something is

true， although it has not yet been proved or is not certain 假定；假设

rational /'ræʃnəl/ a. based on reason rather than emotions 合理的；理性

的

recovery /rɪ'kʌvərɪ/ n. the process of becoming well again after an

illness or injury 恢复；痊愈

reveal /rɪ'viːl/ v. to make something known to somebody 揭露；显示

scope /skəʊp/ n. the range of things that a subject， an organization，

an activity， etc. deals with 范围

subsidiary /səb'sɪdɪərɪ/ a. connected with something but less important

than it 辅助的；次要的n. a business company that is owned or controlled

by another larger company 附属公司；子公司

tape /teɪp/ n. a long narrow strip of magnetic material that is used for

recording sounds，pictures or information 磁带

trace /treɪs/ v. to find or discover something /somebody by looking

carefully for them / it查找；追踪

transformation /'trænsfə'meɪʃn/ n. a complete change in something /

somebody （彻底的）变化，转换

transport /'trænspɔːt/ n. a system for carrying people or goods from one

place to another using vehicles， roads， etc. 交通运输系统v. to take

something / somebody from one place to another in a vehicle 运输，运送

underlying /'ʌndə'laɪɪŋ/ a. important in a situation but not always easily

noticed or stated clearly 潜在的；隐含的

utility /juː'tɪlətɪ/ n. the quality of being useful 实用；效用

Sublist 7

This sublist contains the seventh most frequent words in the Academic

Word List from the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the

word families in Sublist 7 are listed below.

adaptation /'ædæp'teɪʃn/ n. 1） a movie， book or play that is based on

a particular piece of work but that has been changed for a new situation改编

本；改写本　2） the process of changing something， for example your

behavior， to suit a new situation 适应

adult /'ædʌlt/ n. a fully grown person who is legally responsible for their

actions 成年人

advocate /'ædvəkeɪt/ v. to support something publicly 拥护；提倡

aid /eɪd/ n. the help that you need to perform a particular task 帮助，助

手v. to help somebody / something， especially by making it easier 帮助；

援助

channel /'tʃænl/ n. 1 ） a method or system that people use to get

information， to communicate，or to send something somewhere 途径；渠

道2） a way of expressing ideas and feelings（表达的）方式，方法

chemical /'kemɪkl/ a. connected with chemistry与化学有关的；化学的

classical /'klæsɪkl/ a. widely accepted and used for a long time；

traditional in style or idea 古典的；经典的

comprehensive /'kɒmprɪ'hensɪv/ a. including all， or almost all， the

items， details， facts，information， etc.， that may be concerned 全部

的；综合的

comprise /kəm'praɪz/ v. to have somebody /something as parts or

members 包括；由……组成

confirm /kən'fɜːm/ v. to state or show that something is definitely true or

correct，especially by providing evidence 确认，证实

contrary /'kɒntrərɪ/ a. completely different from something 与之相异

的；相反的

convert / kən'vɜːt/ v. to change or make something change from one

form， purpose，system， etc. to another （使）转变，转换

couple /'kʌpl/ n. 1） two or a small number of people or things 两个；

几个　2） two people who are married or in a romantic relationship夫妻，

情侣

decade /'dekeɪd/ n. a period of ten years，especially a period such as

1910-1919 or 1990-1999 十年，十年期

definite /'defɪnət/ a. sure or certain； unlikely to change 肯定的；确定

的

deny /dɪ'naɪ/ v. 1） to say that something is not true 否认；否定　2）

to refuse to allow somebody to have something that they want or ask for 拒

绝

differentiate /dɪfə'renʃɪeɪt/ v. 1） to recognize or show that two things

are not the same 区分；区别　2） to be the particular thing that shows that

things or people are not the same 表明……间的差别；构成……间差别的

特征

disposal /dɪ'spəʊzl/ n. 1） the act of getting rid of something 去掉；清

除　2） the sale of part of a business， property， etc.（企业、财产等

的）变卖，让与

dynamic /daɪ'næmɪk/ a. 1 ） having a lot of energy and a strong

personality 充满活力的；精力充沛的 2） always changing and making

progress 动态的；发展变化的

eliminate /ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt/ v. 1 ） to remove or get rid of something /

somebody 排除； 清除　2） to defeat a person or a team so that they no

longer take part in a competition， etc. （比赛中）淘汰

empirical /ɪm'pɪrɪkl/ a. based on experiments or experience rather than

ideas or theories 以实验（或经验）为依据的；经验主义的

equipment /ɪ'kwɪpmənt/ n. 1） the things that are needed for a particular

purpose or activity 设备；器材　2） the process of providing a place or

person with necessary things 配备；装备

extract /'ekstrækt/ n. 1 ） a short passage from a book ， piece of

music， etc. that gives you an idea of what the whole thing is like 摘录；选

录　2） a substance that has been obtained from something else using a

particular process 提取物；浓缩物

file /faɪl/ n. 1） a box or folded piece of card for keeping loose papers

together and in order 文件夹　2 ） a collection of information stored

together in a computer， under a particular name （计算机的）文件

finite /'faɪnaɪt/ a. 1） having a definite limit or fixed size 有限的；有限

制的 2） a finite verb form or clause shows a particular tense，person and

number 限定的

foundation /faʊn'deɪʃn/ n. 1） a layer of bricks，concrete， etc. that

forms the solid underground base of a building 地基；房基　2 ） a

principle，an idea or a fact that something is based on and that it grows from

基本原理；根据

global /'gləʊbl/ a. 1） covering or affecting the whole world 全球的；

全世界的　2）considering or including all parts of something整体的；全

面的

grade /greɪd/ n. 1） the quality of a particular product or material （产

品、材料的）等级，品级　2） a level of ability or rank that somebody

has in an organization （官衔的）级别；职别

guarantee /'gærən'tiː/ n. 1） a firm promise that you will do something

or that something will happen 保证；担保　2） a written promise given by

a company that something you buy will be replaced or repaired without

payment if it goes wrong within a particular period 保修单；保用证书

hierarchical /'haɪə'rɑːkɪkl/ a. arranged in a hierarchy 按等级划分的；等

级制度的

identical /aɪ'dentɪkl/ a. 1） similar in every detail完全同样的；相同的　

2） the same 同一的

ideology /'aɪdɪ'ɒlədʒɪ/ n. 1） a set of ideas that an economic or political

system is based on 思想（体系）；思想意识 2） a set of beliefs，

especially one held by a particular group， that influences the way people

behave 意识形态；观念形态

infer /ɪn'fɜː（r）/ v. 1） to reach an opinion or decide that something is

true on the basis of information that is available 推断；推论　2）to suggest

indirectly that something is true 间接地提出；暗示

innovation /'ɪnə'veɪʃn/ n. 1） the introduction of new things， ideas or

ways of doing something（新事物、思想或方法的）创造；创新 2） a

new idea ， way of doing something ， etc. that has been introduced or

discovered 新思想；新方法

insert /ɪn'sɜːt/ v. 1） to put something into something else or between

two things 插入；嵌入　2） to add something to a piece of writing （在文

章中）添加，加插

intervention /'ɪntə'venʃn/ n. the act of intervening in a situation 干涉；

干预

isolated /'aɪsəleɪtɪd/ a. 1） far away from any others 偏远的；孤零零的

2） without much contact with other people or other countries孤独的；孤立

的

media /'miːdɪə/ n. the main ways that large numbers of people receive

information and entertainment， that is television， radio，newspapers and

the Internet 大众传播媒介，大众传播工具（指电视、广播、报纸、互联

网）

mode /məʊd / n. 1） a particular way of doing something； a particular

type of something 方式；风格　2） the way in which a piece of equipment

is set to perform a particular task（设备的）模式，工作状态

paradigm /'pærədaɪm/ n. 1） a typical example or pattern of something

典范；范例　2） a set of all the different forms of a word 词形变化表

phenomenon /fə'nɒmɪnə/ n. a fact or an event in nature or society ，

especially one that is not fully understood 现象

priority /praɪ'ɒrətɪ/ n. 1） something that you think is more important

than other things and should be dealt with first 优先事项；最重要的事　

2） the most important place among various things that have to be done or

among a group of people 优先；优先权

prohibit /prə'hɪbɪt/ v. 1） to stop something from being done or used

especially by law （尤指以法令）禁止　2 ） to make something

impossible to do 阻止；使不可能

publication /'pʌblɪ'keɪʃn/ n. 1 ） the act of printing a book ， a

magazine ， etc. and making it available to the public； a book ， a

magazine，etc. that has been published 出版，发行；出版物　2） the act

of printing something in a newspaper ， report ， etc. so that the public

knows about it 发表；刊登；公布

quotation /kwəʊ'teɪʃn/ n. 1 ） a group of words or a short piece of

writing taken from a book，play， speech， etc. and repeated because it is

interesting or useful 引语；引文　2 ） the act of repeating something

interesting or useful that another person has written or said 引用；引述

release /rɪ'liːs/ v. 1） to let somebody / something come out of a place

where they have been kept or trapped 释放；放出；放走　2） to stop

holding something or stop it from being held so that it can move， fly，

fall， etc. freely 放开；松开n. 1） the act of setting a person or an animal

free； the state of being set free 释放；获释　2 ）the act of making

something available to the public 公开；发行

reverse /rɪ'vɜːs/ v. 1） to change something completely so that it is the

opposite of what it was before 颠倒；彻底转变 2） to change a previous

decision， law， etc. to the opposite one撤销，废除（决定、法律等）n.

1） the opposite of what has just been mentioned 相反的情况 （或事物）　

2） the back of a coin， piece of material， piece of paper，etc. 后面；背

面；反面a. 1） opposite to what has been mentioned 相反的；反面的 2）

opposite to the front 背面的；反面的

simulation /'sɪmju'leɪʃ/ n. 1 ） a situation in which a particular set of

conditions is created artificially in order to study or experience something

that could exist in reality 模拟；仿真　2 ） the act of pretending that

something is real when it is not 假装；冒充

solely /'səʊllɪ/ ad. only； not involving somebody /something else 仅；

只

somewhat /'sʌmwɒt/ ad. to some degree 有点；有几分

submit /səb'mɪt/ v. 1 ） to give a document ，proposal ， etc. to

somebody in authority so that they can study or consider it 提交，呈递（文

件、建议等）　2） to accept the authority，control or greater strength of

somebody /something； to agree to something because of this 顺从；屈服

successive /sək'sesɪv/ a. following immediately one after the other 连续

的；接连的

survive /sə'vaɪv/ v. 1） to continue to live or exist生存；存活　2） to

continue to live or exist despite a dangerous event or time 幸存；幸免于难

thesis /'θiːsɪs/ n. 1） a long piece of writing completed by a student as

part of a university degree， based on their own research 论文；毕业论文　

2 ） a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and

presented with evidence in order to prove that it is true 命题；论题

topic /'tɒpɪk/ n. a subject that you talk， write or learn about 话题；题

transmission /træns'mɪʃn/ n. 1） the act or process of passing something

from one person， place or thing to another 传送；传递　2） the act or

process of sending out an electronic signal or message or of broadcasting a

radio or television program （信号或广播等的）播送，发射

ultimately /'ʌltɪmətlɪ/ ad. 1） in the end； finally 最终；最后　2） at

the most basic and important level 最基本地；根本上

unique /ju'niːk/ a. 1） being the only one of its kind 唯一的；独一无二

的　2） very special or unusual 独特的；罕见的

visible /'vɪzəbl/ a. 1） that can be seen 看得见的；可见的　2） that is

obvious enough to be noticed 明显的；能注意到的

voluntary /'vɒləntrɪ/ a. 1） done willingly， not because you are forced

自愿的；志愿的　2）done by people who choose to do it without being

paid 自愿性的；无偿的

Sublist 8

This sublist contains the eighth most frequent words in the Academic

Word List from the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the

word families in Sublist 8 are listed below.

abandon /ə'bændən/ v. 1） to leave somebody，especially somebody

you are responsible for，with no intention of returning （不顾责任、义务

等）离弃，遗弃　2） to leave a thing or place， especially because it is

impossible or dangerous to stay 舍弃，丢弃

accompany /ə'kʌmpənɪ/ v. 1 ） to travel or go somewhere with

somebody 陪同；陪伴　2）happen or exist at the same time， or as a

result of it 伴随；和……一起发生

accumulation /ə'kjuːmjə'leɪʃn/ n. 1 ） a large number of things which

have been collected together or acquired over a period of time 堆积物，聚

积物 2） the collecting together of things over a period of time 堆积，积累

ambiguous /æm'bɪgjuəs/ a. 1） that can be understood in more than one

way； having different meanings 模棱两可的；含混不清的　2） not

clearly stated or defined 不明确的

appendix /ə'pendɪks/ n. 1） a small bag of tissue that is attached to the

large intestine 阑尾　2）a section giving extra information at the end of a

book or document （书、文件的）附录

appreciation /ə'priːʃɪ'eɪʃn/ n. 1 ） pleasure that you have when you

recognize and enjoy the good qualities of somebody / something 欣赏　2）

a full or sympathetic understanding of something， such as a situation or a

problem，and of what it involves 理解；体谅

arbitrary /'ɑːbɪtrərɪ/ a. 1 ） not seeming to be based on a reason ，

system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair 任意的；武断的2） using

power without restriction and without considering other people 专横的；专

制的

automatically /'ɔːtə'mætɪklɪ/ ad. having controls that work without

needing a person to operate them 自动地；自动化地

bias /'baɪəs/ n. 1） a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of

people， or one side in an argument， often not based on fair judgement偏

见；偏心　2） an interest in one thing more than others； a special ability

偏爱；特殊能力

chart /tʃɑːt/ n. a page or sheet of information in the form of diagrams，

lists of figures ， etc. 图表v. 1 ） to record or follow the progress or

development of somebody / something 记录，跟踪（进展或发展）　2）

to plan a course of action 计划行动步骤；制订计划

clarity /'klærətɪ/ n. 1） the quality of being expressed clearly 清晰；清

楚　2） the ability to think about or understand something clearly清晰的思

维（或理解）能力

conformity /kən'fɔːmətɪ/ n. （formal） behavior or actions that follow

the accepted rules of society （对社会规则的）遵从，遵守

commodity /kə'mɒdətɪ/ n. 1） a product or a raw material that can be

bought and sold 商品　2）a thing that is useful or has a useful quality 有用

的东西；有使用价值的事物

complement /'kɒmplɪment/ v. to add to something in a way that

improves it or makes it more attractive 补充；补足n. 1） a thing that adds

new qualities to something in a way that improves it or makes it more

attractive 补充物；补足物　2） a word or phrase， especially an adjective

or a noun，that is used after linking verbs such as be and become， and

describes the subject of the verb补足语；补语

contemporary /kən'temprərɪ/ a. 1） belonging to the same time 属同时

期的；同一时代的2） belonging to the present time 当代的；现代的n. a

person who lives or lived at the same time as somebody else， especially

somebody who is about the same age 同代人；同辈人

contradiction /'kɒntrə'dɪkʃn/ n. 1） a lack of agreement between facts，

opinions ， actions ，etc. 不一致，矛盾　2 ） the act of saying that

something that somebody else has said is wrong or not true； an example of

this 反驳；驳斥

crucial /'kruːʃl/ a. extremely important ， because it will affect other

things 至关重要的；关键性的

currency /'kʌrənsɪ/ n. 1） the system of money that a country uses 通

货；货币 2） the fact that something is used or accepted by a lot of people

通用；流行

denote /dɪ'nəʊt/ v. 1） to be a sign of something 标志；预示　2） to

mean something 表示；意指

detect /dɪ'tekt/ v. to discover or notice something，especially something

that is not easy to see，hear， etc. 发现；查明

deviation /'diːvɪ'eɪʃn/ n. 1 ） the act of moving away from what is

normal or acceptable； a difference from what is expected or acceptable背

离；偏离　2） the amount by which a single measurement is different from

the average 偏差

displacement /dɪs'pleɪsmənt/ n. 1） the act of displacing somebody /

something； the process of being displaced 取代；替代 2） the amount of a

liquid moved out of place by something floating or put in it， especially a

ship floating in water 排水量

dramatic /drə'mætɪk/ a. 1） sudden， very great and often surprising 突

然的；巨大的　2）exciting and impressive 激动人心的；引人注目的

eventually /ɪ'ventʃuəlɪ/ ad. at the end of a period of time or a series of

events 最后；终于

exhibit /ɪg'zɪbɪt/ v. 1） to show something in a public place for people

to enjoy or to give them information 展览；展出　2） to show clearly that

you have or feel a particular feeling， quality or ability 表现，显示

exploitation /'eksplɔɪ'teɪʃn/ n. 1） a situation in which somebody treats

somebody else in an unfair way， especially in order to make money from

their work 剥削；榨取　2） the use of land， oil， minerals， etc. 利用；

开发

fluctuation /'flʌktjʊ'eɪʃən/ n. a change， or the process of changing，

especially continuously between one level or thing and another 涨落，起伏

guideline /'gaɪdlaɪn/ n. 1 ） rules or instructions that are given by an

official organization telling you how to do something， especially something

difficult 指导方针；指导原则　2）something that can be used to help you

make a decision or form an opinion 参考

highlight /'haɪlaɪt/ v. 1） to emphasize something，especially so that

people give it more attention突出；强调　2） to mark part of a text with a

special colored pen ， or to mark an area on a computer screen ， to

emphasize it or make it easier to see 将（文本的某部分）用彩笔做标记

implicit /ɪm'plɪsɪt/ a. 1） suggested without being directly expressed 含

蓄的；不直接言明的2） forming part of something （although perhaps not

directly expressed） 成为一部分的； 内含的

induce /ɪn'djuːs/ v. 1 ） to persuade or influence somebody to do

something 劝说；诱使　2） to cause something 引起；导致

inevitably /ɪn'evɪtəblɪ/ ad. 1） as is certain to happen 不可避免地；必

然地　2） as you would expect 意料之中

infrastructure /'ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə（r）/ n. the basic systems and services that

are necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly，for example

buildings， transport and water and power supplies （国家或机构的）基础

设施，基础建设

inspection /ɪn'spekʃn/ n. 1） an official visit to a school， factory， etc.

in order to check that rules are being obeyed and that standards are

acceptable 视察　2） the act of looking closely at something / somebody，

especially to check that everything is as it should be 检查；查看

intensity /ɪn'tensətɪ/ n. 1） the state or quality of being intense 强烈；

紧张　2） the strength of something， for example light， that can be

measured 强度；烈度

manipulation /mə'nɪpjuleɪʃn/ n. the act of controlling or influencing

somebody /something， often in a dishonest way so that they do not realize

it （暗中）控制，操纵

minimized /'mɪnɪmaɪzd/ a. reduced to the smallest possible size or

amount or degree 最小化的

nuclear /'njuːklɪə（r）/ a. 1） using， producing or resulting from

nuclear energy 原子能的；核能的　2） connected with weapons that use

nuclear energy 核武器的

offset /'ɒfset/ v. to use one cost ， payment or situation in order to

cancel or reduce the effect of another 抵消；弥补

paragraph /'pærəgrɑːf/ n. a section of a piece of writing ， usually

consisting of several sentences dealing with a single subject. The first

sentence of a paragraph starts on a new line 段；段落

plus /plʌs/ prep. used when the two numbers or amounts mentioned are

being added together加n. 1） an advantage； a good thing 优势；好处2）

the symbol （+ ）， used in mathematics 加号conj. used to add more

information 而且；此外

practitioner /præk'tɪʃənə （r ）/ n. 1 ） a person who works in a

profession， especially medicine or law （尤指医学或法律界的）从业人

员2） a person who regularly does a particular activity， especially one that

requires skill 习艺者；专门人才

predominantly /prɪ'dɒmɪnəntlɪ/ ad. mostly；mainly 主要地；多数情况

下

prospect /'prɒspek/ n.1） the possibility that something will happen 可

能性；希望　2） an idea of what might or will happen in the future前景；

展望

radical /'rædɪkl / a. 1） concerning the most basic and important parts of

something； thorough and complete 根本的；彻底的 2） new，different

and likely to have a great effect 全新的；不同凡响的

random /'rændəm/ a. done， chosen， etc. without somebody deciding

in advance what is going to happen， or without any regular pattern 随机

的，随意的

reinforce /'riːɪn'fɔːs/ v. 1） to make a feeling， an idea， etc. stronger

加强；充实　2） to make a structure or material stronger， especially by

adding another material to it 加固；使更结实

restore /rɪ'stɔː（r）/ v. 1） to bring back a situation or feeling that

existed before 恢复　2） to bring somebody / something back to a former

condition， place or position 使复原；使复位

revision /rɪ'vɪʒn/ n. the act of changing something， or of examining

something with the intention of changing it 修订，修改

schedule /'ʃedjuːl/ n. 1） a plan that lists all the work that you have to

do and when you must do each thing 工作计划；日程安排　2） a list of

the television and radio programs that are on a particular channel and the

times that they start （电视或广播）节目表

tension /'tenʃn/ n. 1 ） a situation in which people do not trust each

other， or feel unfriendly towards each other， and which may cause them

to attack each other 紧张局势（或关系、状况）　2） a situation in which

the fact that there are different needs or interests causes difficulties 矛盾；对

立

termination /'tɜːmɪ'neɪʃn/ n. 1） the act of ending something； the end

of something 结束；终止2） a medical operation to end a pregnancy at an

early stage 终止妊娠

theme / θiːm / n. 1 ） the subject or main idea in a talk ， piece of

writing or work of art 题目，主题　2） a short tune that is repeated or

developed in a piece of music （乐曲的） 主题，主旋律

thereby /'ðeə'baɪ/ ad. used to introduce the result of the action or

situation mentioned 因此；由此

uniform /'juːnɪfɔːm/ n. the special set of clothes worn by all members of

an organization or a group at work， or by children at school 制服；校服a.

not varying； the same in all parts and at all times 一致的；统一的

vehicle /'viːəkl/ n. 1） a thing that is used for transporting people or

goods from one place to another， such as a car or lorry / truck 交通工具；

车辆　2） something that can be used to express your ideas or feelings or as

a way of achieving something 手段，工具

via /'vaɪə/ prep. 1） through a place 经由，经过（某一地方） 2） by

means of a particular person， system， etc. 通过，凭借

virtually /'vɜːtʃuəlɪ/ ad. 1） almost or very nearly，so that any slight

difference is not important几乎；差不多　2） by the use of computer

software that makes something appear to exist； using virtual reality

technology 模拟；虚拟

widespread /'waɪdspred/ a. existing or happening over a large area or

among many people 分布广的；普遍的；广泛的

visual /'vɪʒuəl/ a. of or connected with seeing or sight 视力的；视觉的

n. a picture， map， piece of film， etc. used to make an article or a talk

easier to understand or more interesting 视觉资料

Sublist 9

This sublist contains the ninth most frequent words in the Academic

Word List from the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the

word families in Sublist 9 are listed below.

accommodation /ə'kɒmə'deɪʃn/ n. 1） a place to live， work or stay in

住处；办公处　2）somewhere to live or stay， often also providing food

or other services 住宿；膳宿

analogous /ə'næləgəs/ a. similar in some way to another thing or

situation and therefore able to be compared with it 相似的；类似的

anticipate /æn'tɪsɪpeɪt/ v. 1） to expect something预料；预期　2） to

see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for it 预见，

预计

assurance /ə'ʃʊərəns/ n. 1） a statement that something will certainly be

true or will certainly happen， particularly when there has been doubt about

it 保证；担保　2） belief in your own abilities or strengths 自信

attain /ə'teɪn/ v. 1） to succeed in getting something， usually after a lot

of effort 获得，得到　2） to reach a particular age， level or condition 达

到（某年龄、水平、状况）

behalf /bɪ'hɑːf/ n. 1） as the agent of or on someone’s part （usually

expressed as on behalf of　） 代表　2） for someone’s benefit（usually

expressed as in behalf　） 为（某人）；替（某人）

bulk /'bʌlk/ n. 1） the main part of something；most of something 主

体；大部分 2） the（large） size or quantity of something （大）体积；

大（量）

cease /siːs/ v. to stop happening or existing； to stop something from

happening or existing（使）停止，终止

coherence /kəʊ'hɪərəns/ n. the situation in which all the parts of

something fit together well 连贯性；条理性

coincide /'kəʊɪn'saɪd/ v. 1） to take place at the same time 同时发生　

2） to be the same or very similar 相同；相符

commence /kə'mens/ v. to begin to happen； to begin something 开始

incompatible /'ɪnkəm'pætəbl/ a. 1） not acceptable or possible together

because of basic differences （与某事物）不一致， 不相配　2）not able

to live or work happily together（与某人）合不来，不能和睦相处

concurrent /kən'kʌrənt/ a. existing or happening at the same time 并存

的；同时发生的

confined /kən'faɪnd/ a. small and surrounded by walls or sides 狭窄而围

起来的

controversy /'kɒntrəvɜːsɪ/ n. public discussion and argument about

something that many people strongly disagree about， disapprove of，or are

shocked by 争论，辩论

conversely /'kɒnvɜːslɪ/ ad. in a way that is the opposite or reverse of

something 相反地；反过来

device /dɪ'vaɪs/ n. 1） an object or a piece of equipment that has been

designed to do a particular job 装置；仪器　2） a bomb or weapon that

will explode 炸弹；爆炸性武器

devoted /dɪ'vəʊtɪd/ a. having great love for somebody / something and

being loyal to them 挚爱的；忠诚的

diminish /dɪ'mɪnɪʃ/ v. to become or to make something become

smaller， weaker， etc. 减少；（使）减弱，缩减；降低

distort /dɪ'stɔːt/ v. 1） to change the shape，appearance or sound of

something so that it is strange or not clear 使变形；扭曲；使失真2） to

twist or change facts， ideas， etc. so that they are no longer correct or true

歪曲；曲解

duration /dju'reɪʃn/ n. the length of time that something lasts or

continues 持续时间；期间

erosion /ɪ'rəʊʒn/ n. 1） the gradual destruction and removal of rock or

soil in a particular area by rivers， the sea， or the weather （气候等的）

侵蚀，腐蚀　2 ） the gradual destruction or removal of a person’s

authority， rights，or confidence（权威、权利、信心等的）逐渐丧失，

削弱　3） a gradual decrease in the level or standard of support， values，

or money（支持的）减少；（价值的）降低

ethical /'eθɪkl/ a. 1） connected with beliefs and principles about what

is right and wrong （有关）道德的；伦理的　2） morally correct or

acceptable 合乎道德的

format /'fɔːmæt/ n. 1） the general arrangement，plan， design， etc.

of something 总体安排；计划　2 ） the shape and size of a book ，

magazine，etc. （出版物的）版式；开本

found /'faund/ v. 1） to start something， such as an organization or an

institution， especially by providing money 创建，创办　2） to be the first

to start building and living in a town or country 建立，兴建（城镇或国

家）

inherent /ɪn'hɪərənt/ a. that is a basic or permanent part of somebody /

something and that cannot be removed 固有的；内在的

insight /'ɪnsaɪt/ n. 1） the ability to see and understand the truth about

people or situations 洞察力；领悟　2 ） an understanding of what

something is like 洞悉；了解

integral /'ɪntɪgrəl/ a. 1） being an essential part of something 必需的；

不可或缺的　2） included as part of something， rather than supplied

separately 作为组成部分的

intermediate /'ɪntə'miːdɪət/ a. 1 ） located between two places ，

things， states， etc. 之间的，中间的　2） having more than a basic

knowledge of something but not yet advanced； suitable for somebody who

is at this level 中级的；中等的

manual /'mænjuəl/ a. 1） involving using the hands or physical strength

用手的；手工的2 ） operated or controlled by hand rather than

automatically or using electricity， etc. 手动的；手控的n. a book that tells

you how to do or operate something ， especially one that comes with a

machine， etc. when you buy it 使用手册；说明书

mature /mə'tʃʊə（r）/ a. 1） behaving in a sensible way， like an adult

明白事理的；像成人似的2） fully grown and developed 成熟的；发育完

全的

mediation /'miːdɪ'eɪʃn/ n. negotiation to resolve differences conducted

by some impartial party调停，调解

medium /'miːdɪəm/ a. in the middle between two sizes， amounts，

lengths ， temperatures ， etc. 中等的；中号的n. 1 ） a way of

communicating information，etc. to people （传播信息的）媒介，手段　

2）something that is used for a particular purpose手段；工具

military /'mɪlətrɪ/ a. connected with soldiers or the armed forces 军事

的；军队的n. soldiers； the armed forces 军人；军队

minimal /'mɪnɪməl/ a. very small in size or amount； as small as

possible 极小的；极少的

mutual /'mjuːtʃuəl/ a. 1） used to describe feelings that two or more

people have for each other equally ， or actions that affect two or more

people equally 相互的；彼此的　2） shared by two or more people 共有

的；共同的

norm /nɔːm/ n. the standard of behavior that is typical of or accepted

within a particular group or society 规范；行为标准

overlap /'əʊvə'læp/ v. if one thing overlaps another， or the two things

overlap， part of one thing covers part of the other （物体）部分重叠，交

叠n. a shared area of interest， knowledge，responsibility， etc. 重叠部分

passive /'pæsɪv/ a. 1 ） accepting what happens or what people do

without trying to change anything or oppose them 消极的；被动的　2）

connected with the form of a verb used when the subject is affected by the

action of the verb（动词形式）被动语态的n. the form of a verb used when

the subject is affected by the action of the verb 动词被动形式；被动语态

portion /'pɔːʃn/ n. 1 ） one part of something larger 部分　2 ） an

amount of food that is large enough for one person （食物的）一份，一客

v. to divide something into parts or portions把……分成若干份（或部分）

preliminary /prɪ'lɪmɪnərɪ/ a. happening before a more important action

or event 预备性的；初步的n. an action or event that is done in preparation

for something 初步行动（或活动）；预备性措施

protocol /'prəʊtəkɒl/ a. 1） a system of fixed rules and formal behavior

used at official meetings， usually between governments 礼仪；外交礼节　

2 ） the first or original version of an agreement ， especially a treaty

between countries， etc.； an extra part added to an agreement or treaty 条

约草案；议定书

qualitative /'kwɒlɪtətɪv/ a. connected with how good something is ，

rather than with how much of it there is 质量的；定性的

refine /rɪ'faɪn/ v. 1 ） to make a substance pure by taking other

substances out of it 精炼；提纯　2） to improve something by making

small changes to it 改进；改善

relaxed /rɪ'lækst/ a. 1） calm and not anxious or worried 放松的；冷静

的 2） calm and informal 安静的；自在的

restraint /rɪ'streɪnt/ n. 1） a rule， a fact， an idea，etc. that limits or

controls what people can do约束力；管制措施　2） the act of controlling

or limiting something because it is necessary or sensible to do so 控制；限

制

revolution /'revə'luːʃn/ n. 1 ） an attempt ， by a large number of

people， to change the government of a country， especially by violent

action 革命　2 ） a great change in conditions ，ways of working ，

beliefs， etc. that affects large numbers of people 巨变；大变革

rigid /'rɪdʒɪd/ a. 1） very strict and difficult to change 死板的；僵硬的　

2） not willing to change their ideas or behavior 固执的；僵化的

route /ruːt/ n. 1 ） a way that you follow to get from one place to

another 路线；路途　2 ）a fixed way along which a bus ， train ，

etc.regularly travels or goods are regularly sent （公共汽车和列车等的）

常规路线，固定线路

scenario /sə'nɑːrɪəʊ/ n. 1） a description of how things might happen in

the future 设想；方案2） a written outline of what happens in a film /movie

or play （电影或戏剧的）剧情梗概

sphere /sfɪə（r）/ n. 1） a solid figure that is completely round， with

every point on its surface at an equal distance from the centre球；球体　

2） any object that is completely round， for example a ball 圆球；球状物

subordinate /sə'bɔːdɪnət/ a. 1 ） having less power or authority than

somebody else in a group or an organization 隶属的；从属的　2） less

important than something else 次要的n. a person who has a position with

less authority and power than somebody else in an organization 下级；部属

v. to treat somebody / something as less important than somebody /

something else 把……置于次要地位；使从属于

supplementary /'sʌplɪ'mentrɪ/ a. provided in addition to something else

in order to improve or complete it 增补性的；补充性的

suspend /sə'spend/ v. 1） to hang something from something else 悬；

挂；吊　2） to officially delay something； to arrange for something to

happen later than planned 延缓；暂缓；推迟

team /tiːm/ n. 1） a group of people who play a particular game or sport

against another group of people （游戏或运动的）队　2） a group of

people who work together at a particular job小组

temporary /'temprərɪ/ a. lasting or intended to last or be used only for a

short time； not permanent 短暂的；暂时的

trigger /'trɪgə（r）/ n. 1） the part of a gun that you press in order to

fire it （枪的）扳机　2 ）something that is the cause of a particular

reaction or development， especially a bad one（尤指引发不良反应或发

展的）起因，诱因v. 1） to make something happen suddenly发动；引起　

2） to cause a device to start functioning 开动；起动

unified /'juːnɪfaɪd/ a. formed or united into a whole 统一的；统一标准

的

violation /'vaɪə'leɪʃn/ n. an act that disregards an agreement or a right 违

反；妨碍

vision /'vɪʒn/ n. 1） the ability to see； the area that you can see from a

particular position视力；视野　2） an idea or a picture in your imagination

想象；幻象

Sublist　10

This sublist contains the least frequent words of the Academic Word

List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word

families in Sublist 10 are listed below.

adjacent /ə'dʒeɪsnt/ a. next to or near something与……毗连的；邻近

的

albeit /'ɔːl'biːɪt/ conj. although 尽管；虽然

assembly /ə'semblɪ/ n. 1） a group of people who have been elected to

meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or

country 立法机构；会议；议会2） the meeting together of a group of

people for a particular purpose； a group of people who meet together for a

particular purpose 集会；（统称）集会者

collapse /kə'læps/ v. 1） to fall down or fall in suddenly， often after

breaking apart （突然）倒塌，坍塌　2） to fall down （and usually

become unconscious）， especially because you are very ill / sick 倒下，昏

倒n. 1） a sudden failure of something， such as an institution， a business

or a course of action 突然失败，倒闭　2 ） the action of a building

suddenly falling 倒塌，塌陷

colleague /'kɔliːɡ/ n. a person that you work with ，especially in a

profession or a business 同事；同僚

compile /kəm'paɪl/ v. 1） to produce a book， list，report， etc. by

bringing together different items， articles， songs， etc. 编写（书、列

表、报告等）　2） to translate instructions from one computer language

into another so that a particular computer can understand them 编译

conceive /kən'siːv/ v. to form an idea， a plan，etc. in your mind； to

imagine something 想出；想象

convinced /kən'vɪnst/ a. 1） completely sure about something 坚信的；

深信的 2） believing strongly in a particular religion or set of political ideas

坚信不移的；有坚定信仰的

depression /dɪ'preʃn/ n. 1） a medical condition in which a person feels

very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms such as being unable

to sleep， etc. 抑郁症；精神忧郁　2）the state of feeling very sad and

without hope抑郁；沮丧

encounter /ɪn'kaʊntə/ v. to experience something，especially something

unpleasant or difficult，while you are trying to do something else 遇到；遭

遇

enormous /ɪ'nɔːməs/ a. extremely large 巨大的；庞大的

forthcoming /'fɔːθ'kʌmɪŋ/ a. 1） going to happen，be published， etc.

very soon 即将发生（或出版等）的　2） ready or made available when

needed 现成的；随要随有的

inclination /'ɪnklɪ'neɪʃn/ n. 1 ） a feeling that makes you want to do

something 倾向；意愿2） a tendency to do something 趋向；趋势

integrity /ɪn'tegrətɪ/ n. 1） the quality of being honest and having strong

moral principles 诚实正直 2） the state of being whole and not divided 完

整；完好

intrinsic /ɪn'trɪnsɪk/ a. belonging to or part of the real nature of

something / somebody 固有的；内在的

invoke /ɪn'vəʊk/ v. 1） to mention or use a law，rule， etc. as a reason

for doing something援引；行使（权利等） 2） to mention somebody’s

name to make people feel a particular thing or act in a particular way 提出

levy /'levɪ/ n. an extra amount of money that has to be paid， especially

as a tax to the government 征收额；（尤指）税款

likewise /'laɪkwaɪz/ ad. 1） the same； in a similar way 同样地；类似

地　2） also 也；还

nonetheless /'nʌnðə'les/ ad. despite this fact 尽管如此

notwithstanding /'nɒtwɪθ'stændɪŋ/ prep. without being affected by

something 虽然；尽管ad. despite this 尽管如此

odd /ɒd/ a. 1） strange or unusual 奇怪的；怪异的；反常的　2）

strange or unusual in the way mentioned （某方面）怪异的，奇怪的

ongoing /'ɒngəʊɪŋ/ a. continuing to exist or develop 持续存在的；仍在

进行的；不断发展的

panel /'pænl/ n. 1） a square or rectangular piece of wood， glass or

metal that forms part of a larger surface such as a door or wall 嵌板，镶板　

2 ） a group of specialists who give their advice or opinion about

something； a group of people who discuss topics of interest on television or

radio 专家咨询组；（广播、电视上的）讨论小组

persistent /pə'sɪstənt/ a. 1 ） determined to do something despite

difficulties， especially when other people are against you and think that

you are being annoying or unreasonable 执着的；不屈不挠的　2 ）

continuing for a long period of time without interruption ， or repeated

frequently， especially in a way that is annoying and cannot be stopped 连

绵的；持续的

pose /pəuz/ v. 1） to sit or stand in a particular position in order to be

painted， drawn or photographed 使摆姿势；以……身份出现2） to dress

or behave in a way that is intended to impress other people 招摇；炫耀

reluctant /rɪ'lʌktənt/ a. hesitating before doing something because you

do not want to do it or because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do

不情愿的；勉强的

so-called /səʊ kɔːld/ a. 1） used to show that you do not think that the

word or phrase that is being used to describe somebody / something is

appropriate 所谓的　2） used to introduce the word that people usually use

to describe something 人称……的，号称……的

straightforward /'streɪt'fɔːwəd/ a. 1） easy to do or to understand； not

complicated 简单的；易懂的　2） honest and open； not trying to trick

somebody or hide something 坦诚的；坦率的

undergo /'ʌndə'gəʊ/ v. to experience something，especially a change or

something unpleasant经历，经受

whereby /weə'baɪ/ ad. by which； because of which 凭此；借以